Lecture #15

Question 1

What can/cannot be used to control/cure a viral infection?

Answer 1

Cannot use antibiotics

Can use vaccines

Question 2

What are vaccines made of?

Answer 2

Either:

• A suspension of a whole organism
• Portions of organisms (antigens)

Question 3

What do vaccines do?

Answer 3

Stimulate an immune response without causing a disease (produces memory cells to a specific antigen)

Question 4

Why are vaccines needed?

Answer 4

To control the spread of communicable diseases by behavioural/environmental methods

Question 5

What is cholera and how can it be controlled?

Answer 5

Bacteria disease in small intestine that causes vomiting and diarrhea
By proper sanitation

Question 6

When easy methods (sanitation and use of condoms) fail to prevent communicable diseases, what is used to rid them?

Answer 6

Bacterial diseases are treated with antibiotics

Viral diseases generally cannot be cured

Question 7

What is the best way to control diseases when there is no cure?

Answer 7

Vaccines

Question 8

What are the 6 different types of vaccines?

Answer 8

1. Attenuated Whole Agent Vaccines
2. Inactive Whole Agent Vaccines
3. Toxoids
4. Subunit Vaccine
5. Conjugated Vaccines

Question 9

What is a weakened living microbe?

Answer 9

A microbe that has had an mutation introduced

Ex. A virus can absorb, penetrate and uncut but not reproduce

Question 10

How do Attenuated Whole Agent vaccines work?

Answer 10

They used weakened living microbes that closely mimic the actual virus so that it stimulates both Cell and antibody mediated responses

Question 11

Which type of vaccine can often provide life long immunity (no booster shot required)? What are examples of specific vaccines?

Answer 11

Attenuated Whole Agent Vaccines

Ex. MMRV vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella)

Question 12

What is a risk factor of Attenuated Whole Agent Vaccines? Who is most at risk?

Answer 12

The virus/bacterium can revert back to original pathogenic form.
Immunocompromised or pregnant women are most at risk

Question 13

What are Inactive Whole Agent Vaccines made of?

Answer 13

Whole agents that have been killed

Question 14

What are examples of Inactive Whole Agent Vaccines for bacteria and viruses?

Answer 14

Viruses- Rabies, influenza, polio

Bacteria- Vibrio cholera

Question 15

What are toxoids and what are they made from?

Answer 15

Inactivated proteins (dummy particles, look the same but doesn't have what it takes to be a virus)
Made from purified proteins

Question 16

What do toxoids do to give immunity?

Answer 16

Causes the immune response to act against the toxoid. Stimulates the antibody mediated (B cell) response only.

Question 17

Do toxoids give long lasting immunity?

Answer 17

Not as long as others and required multiple injections for full immunity

Question 18

What is an example of a toxoid vaccine? How often is a booster shot required?

Answer 18

DTaP vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis)
Required shot every 10 years

Question 19

What in a subunit vaccine made up of?

Answer 19

Purified components from viruses or bacteria

Question 20

Subunit vaccine stimulates what to give us immunity?

Answer 20

Antibody mediated response only

Question 21

What is taken from streptococcus pneumoniae to be used for a subunit vaccine?

Answer 21

Purified capsule polysaccharide

Question 22

What does a pneumoshot protect against and what is it made up of?

Answer 22

Protects against pneumonia

Made up of purified capsule polysaccharide founding streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 23

What category of vaccines make “extremely safe vaccines”? Why are they extremely safe?

Answer 23

Subunit vaccines

Safe because the disease causing agent is not present

Question 24

What makes up the hepatitis B vaccine?

Answer 24

Viral coat proteins produced by a genetically modified yeast

Question 25

What are conjugated vaccines and why are they used?

Answer 25

A polysaccharide antigen combined with a protein antigen.
Used because children do not respond to capsular polysaccharides therefore using this results in a much stronger immune response

Question 26

What is an example of a conjugated vaccine (what is it made of)? What is it used for?

Answer 26

Haemophilus influenza capsule combined with diphtheria toxoid.
Induce an immune response in children as young as 2 months

Question 27

What are adjuvants? What do they do for a vaccine?

Answer 27

Chemical additive that increases the immune response

Allows for an improved response to vaccine

Question 28

What is an example of a vaccine that uses adjuvants? What is the adjuvant made of?

Answer 28

H1N1 uses adjuvants made from shark cartilage

Question 29

What is herd immunity?

Answer 29

People who have not been vaccinated still have a reduced chance of contracting the disease because they are surrounded by people who have already been vaccinated

Question 30

What is usually the result of someone who lives in a herd immunity area? What is the problem with that?

Answer 30

Result: many parents choose not to have their children vaccinated
Problem: Most parents who choose that have not actually ever had measles or polio meaning their children would not have immunity and could contract it easier

Question 31

How many people have mild symptoms of polio? How many have extreme (result in paralytic poliomyelitis?

Answer 31

99% mild

1% paralytic poliomyelitis

Question 32

What does paralytic poliomyelitis cause?

Answer 32

The extremities to be permanently crippled and respiratory muscles can be paralyzed causing death

Question 33

What type of infection is measles?

Answer 33

A respiratory infection

Question 34

What are can measles cause early on and later on?

Answer 34

Early: characteristic rash
Later: Permanent brain damage (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis- causes inflammation in brain)