Lecture 8

Question 1

Natural selection elements

Answer 1

function and design

Question 2

natural selection is done through a – process

Answer 2

blind

Question 3

Natural selection was proposed by

Answer 3

Charles Darwin

Question 4

Intelligent design

Answer 4

the theory that life or the universe cannot have arisen by chance and was designed and created by some intelligent entity

Question 5

Intelligent design follows a

Answer 5

creationist religious argument

Question 6

Darwins alternative to intelligent design was

Answer 6

design by the mindless process of natural selection

Question 7

selection happens blindly by

Answer 7

the enviorment

Question 8

Natural selection

Answer 8

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

Question 9

Process of natural selection has no

Answer 9

goal

Question 10

Teleology

Answer 10

the explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes

Question 11

evolution appears directed by design to

Answer 11

some goal, but it is not

Question 12

the future cannot cause

Answer 12

material events in the present

Question 13

Adaptation

Answer 13

a characteristic that enhances the survival or reproduction of organisms that bear it relative to alternative character states

Question 14

All variations cannot

Answer 14

be environmental, some have to be genetic so it can be heritable

Question 15

Evolution by natural selection occurs if 3 conditions hold

Answer 15

there is phenotypic variation in the populations
there is differential fitness among the phenotypes
the fitness is heritable

Question 16

fitness

Answer 16

reproductive success as measured by the average per capita rate of increase

Question 17

fitness quote

Answer 17

survival of the form (phenotypic or genotypic) that will leave the most copies of itself in successive genetations

Question 18

Fitness 2 parts

Answer 18

survival
reproduction

Question 19

Natural selection is not an

Answer 19

external force or agent, and certainly not a purposeful one

Question 20

Natural selection is a name for

Answer 20

statistical differences in reproductive success among genes, organisms, or populations

Question 21

3 levels of selection

Answer 21

genetic, individual, and group

Question 22

Which level of selection is most controversal

Answer 22

group selection

Question 23

which levels of selection are most important

Answer 23

genetic and individual

Question 24

Richard dawkins the selfish gene popularized

Answer 24

the idea of the gene is an important level of selection

Question 25

Genetic drift is due to

Answer 25

chance

Question 26

Natural selection is the opposite of

Answer 26

the chance events

Question 27

Fitness differences are the

Answer 27

average differences in the probability of survival and reproductive sucess

Question 28

for fitness there has to be a consistent difference in

Answer 28

survival and reproduction associated with a particular phenotype

Question 29

distinguish selection of objects from selection for properties

Answer 29

balls are selected for the property of small size because of there small size, not selected for color, yet all the small balls are red

Question 30

There has been a selection of organisms with important features

Answer 30

but it was the features themselves that were selected for

Question 31

aposematism

Answer 31

a warning signal to potential predators that prey are toxic or noxious

Question 32

Birds tend to avoid the bright colors the

Answer 32

most

Question 33

Batesian mimicry

Answer 33

the resemblance of a non toxic species to a toxic species, makes themselves look toxic, gives good protection

Question 34

mullerian mimicry

Answer 34

the resemblance of a toxic species to a toxic species, normally a mild toxic resembles a very toxic

Question 35

Competative exclusion principle

Answer 35

two competing species that use the exactly the same resources cannot coexist indefinitely, one will become extinct

Question 36

Resource pardoning

Answer 36

happens with competitive exclusion, species divide the limited resources to reduce the competition, also known as niche partitioning

Question 37

Character displacement definition

Answer 37

differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur, but are not minimized or lost where the species distributions do not overlap

Question 38

Character displacement simple def

Answer 38

natural selection drives a wedge between 2 different species that are in sympathy (living in same area) to make them different. This doesn't happen with alopatry (species living in different area)