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Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Change in genotype does not mean

A

change in phenotype

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2
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

the capacity of an organism of a given genotype to express different phenotypes under different environmental condtions

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3
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

the capacity of an organism of a given genotype to express different phenotypes under different environmental conditions

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4
Q

phenotypic plasticity example

A

tadpole can speed up rate of metamorphism if the habitat is drying

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5
Q

norm of reaction

A

the variety of different phenotypic states that can be produced by a single genotype under different environmental conditions

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6
Q

Norm of reaction example

A

flys abdominal bristles varry depending on the temperature of there enviorment

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7
Q

genotype x environment interaction simple def

A

the ability of the environment and genotype to influence each other, example the temp can effect the genotype

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8
Q

genotype x enviorment interaction

A

the effects of enviormental differences on a phenotype differs among genotypes

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9
Q

at any locus a population may contain one or more

A

alleles

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10
Q

polymorphism

A

presence of two or more alleles

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11
Q

wild type

A

very common allele

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12
Q

allele frequency

A

the relative commoness or rarity of an allele

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13
Q

sexually reproducing diploid organisms can be

A

homozygote or heterozygote

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14
Q

homozygote

A

carry 2 copies of the same allele

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15
Q

heterozygote

A

carry 2 copies of 2 different alleles

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16
Q

Genotype frequency

A

the proportion of a population that has a certain genotype

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17
Q

Genotype and —- frequency go hand in hand

A

allele

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18
Q

If you alter genotype frequency you alter

A

allele frequency

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19
Q

The proportions of genotypes are related to

A

allele frequencys

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20
Q

Alteration of genotype frequencies in one generation will

A

alter the allele frequencies in the gametes and alter the genotype frequencies of the successive generations

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21
Q

Factors that cause frequency to change are

A

the causes for evolution, frequencies don’t change on there own

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22
Q

hardy-weinberg principle is

A

the heart of population genetics

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23
Q

hardy weinberg definition

A

If no evolution is occuring then an equilibrium of allele frequencies will remain in effect in each succeeding generation of sexually reproducing individuals

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24
Q

Allele frequencys remain — under hardy weinberg equlibrium

A

constant

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25
If we have no evolutionary change then
allele frequencies stay the same
26
Hard weinberg princible
whatever the inital genotype frequencys for two alleles may be, after one generation the genotype frequencies will be p2, 2pq, q2
27
p2+2pg+q2=1 is the
genotype frequency
28
p+q=1 is the
allele frequency
29
Unless other factors should change them the --- and --- should stay constant in succeeding generations
allele and genotype frequencys
30
when genotypes have the frequencies predicted by the hardy weinberg principle they are in
hardy weinberg equilibrium
31
the hardy weinberg princible is the foundation of
population genetics for sexually reporducing organisms
32
2 important implications of HW princible
genotype frequencys attain HW values after a single generation of random mating and genotype and allele frequencies remain unchanged across generations (if a new mutation arises it will remain at a very low allele frequency)
33
Hardy weinberg only holds under
certain assumptions
34
Hardy weinberg 5 assumption
1. Mating is random (panmictic) 2. The population size is infinity large 3.Genes are not added from outside the population 4.Genes do not mutate from one allelic state to another 5.All individuals have equal probabilities of survival and reproduction
35
Population size is infinitly large assumption
eliminates changes in gene frequencies that would occur by change alone like genetic drift
36
genes are not added from outside the population assumtion
mating among individuals from different populations is called gene flow or migration
37
genes do not mutate from one allelic state to another assumption
mutation can change allele frequencys
38
All individuals have equal probability of survival and reproduction assumption
there is no natural selection operating on the population
39
Why is hardy weinberg useful if the assumptions almost never hold true
allows us to test for evolutionary processes and provides a control for all the major factors that cause evolutionary change within a population
40
Factors that cause evolutionary change within a population are
nonrandom mating, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, natural selection
41
linkage
physical association of genes on the same chromosome
42
Linkage disequilibrium
the nonrandom association of alleles at different loci, we expect alleles close together to travel together
43
the hardy weinberg assumptions are
the drivers of evolutionary change
44
loci are at linkage disequilibrium when
frequency of association of different alleles is higher/lower than what would be expected if the loci were independent and associated randomly
45
linkage disequilibrium is broken down by
recombination, this will result in linkage equilibrium
46
Reasons for linkage disequilibrium
nonrandom mating, new mutation arises, recombination being low, population formed by union of 2 populations with different allele frequency, natural selection
47
Quantitative trait definition
a measurable phenotype that depends on the cumulative actions of many genes and the environment
48
Quanitive traits
can vary among individuals to produce continuous distribution of phenotypes like hight, weight
49
Distribution of quanitative variation
normal distribution curve
50
Polygenic
the genetic component of quantitative variation, doesnt account for enviorment
51
Additive alleles
combine to produce a heterozygote that is phenotypically the average of the two corresponding homozygotes
52
Variation that doesnt come from genotype comes from
the enviorment
53
Vg
genetic variance
54
Ve
enviormental variance
55
Vp
how much variation there is, phenotypic variation
56
Phenotypic variation is
the sum of environment variation and the sum of genetic variation
57
heratibility
the proportion of the phenotypic variance that is genetic
58
heritability equasion
h^2=Vg/(Vg+Ve)
59
We can estimate heritability by
looking at correlations between parents and offspring
60
Gene flow definition
the exchange of alleles between populations
61
how gene flow happens
genes can be carried by individuals or games, only migration succeeds in reproducing contributes to gene flow
62
Gene flow by individuals
person, animals, seeds, spores
63
gene flow by gametes
pollen, marine animal gametes
64
Gene flow homogenizes the populations of a species by
bringing them all to the same allele frequencies (unless opposed by natural selection/genetic drift)
65
Fixation index definition
A measure of the variation in allele frequency among populations
66
Fixation index range
0-1, 0 means no variation 1 means populations are fixed for different alleles
67
We use Fst for
measure of genetic similarity among populations within a species to identify the extent of isolation/uniquness
68
Isolation by distance and gene flow
the further apart two or more populations are from one another geographically the more genetically dissimilar they are
69
Ring species and gene flow
Two populations which do not interbreed are living in the same region and connected by a geographic ring of populations that can interbreed

Evolution (16 decks)

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