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Evolution > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Change in genotype does not mean

A

change in phenotype

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2
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

the capacity of an organism of a given genotype to express different phenotypes under different environmental condtions

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3
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

the capacity of an organism of a given genotype to express different phenotypes under different environmental conditions

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4
Q

phenotypic plasticity example

A

tadpole can speed up rate of metamorphism if the habitat is drying

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5
Q

norm of reaction

A

the variety of different phenotypic states that can be produced by a single genotype under different environmental conditions

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6
Q

Norm of reaction example

A

flys abdominal bristles varry depending on the temperature of there enviorment

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7
Q

genotype x environment interaction simple def

A

the ability of the environment and genotype to influence each other, example the temp can effect the genotype

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8
Q

genotype x enviorment interaction

A

the effects of enviormental differences on a phenotype differs among genotypes

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9
Q

at any locus a population may contain one or more

A

alleles

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10
Q

polymorphism

A

presence of two or more alleles

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11
Q

wild type

A

very common allele

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12
Q

allele frequency

A

the relative commoness or rarity of an allele

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13
Q

sexually reproducing diploid organisms can be

A

homozygote or heterozygote

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14
Q

homozygote

A

carry 2 copies of the same allele

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15
Q

heterozygote

A

carry 2 copies of 2 different alleles

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16
Q

Genotype frequency

A

the proportion of a population that has a certain genotype

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17
Q

Genotype and —- frequency go hand in hand

A

allele

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18
Q

If you alter genotype frequency you alter

A

allele frequency

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19
Q

The proportions of genotypes are related to

A

allele frequencys

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20
Q

Alteration of genotype frequencies in one generation will

A

alter the allele frequencies in the gametes and alter the genotype frequencies of the successive generations

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21
Q

Factors that cause frequency to change are

A

the causes for evolution, frequencies don’t change on there own

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22
Q

hardy-weinberg principle is

A

the heart of population genetics

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23
Q

hardy weinberg definition

A

If no evolution is occuring then an equilibrium of allele frequencies will remain in effect in each succeeding generation of sexually reproducing individuals

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24
Q

Allele frequencys remain — under hardy weinberg equlibrium

A

constant

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25
Q

If we have no evolutionary change then

A

allele frequencies stay the same

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26
Q

Hard weinberg princible

A

whatever the inital genotype frequencys for two alleles may be, after one generation the genotype frequencies will be p2, 2pq, q2

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27
Q

p2+2pg+q2=1 is the

A

genotype frequency

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28
Q

p+q=1 is the

A

allele frequency

29
Q

Unless other factors should change them the — and — should stay constant in succeeding generations

A

allele and genotype frequencys

30
Q

when genotypes have the frequencies predicted by the hardy weinberg principle they are in

A

hardy weinberg equilibrium

31
Q

the hardy weinberg princible is the foundation of

A

population genetics for sexually reporducing organisms

32
Q

2 important implications of HW princible

A

genotype frequencys attain HW values after a single generation of random mating and genotype and allele frequencies remain unchanged across generations (if a new mutation arises it will remain at a very low allele frequency)

33
Q

Hardy weinberg only holds under

A

certain assumptions

34
Q

Hardy weinberg 5 assumption

A
  1. Mating is random (panmictic)
  2. The population size is infinity large
    3.Genes are not added from outside the population
    4.Genes do not mutate from one allelic state to another
    5.All individuals have equal probabilities of survival and reproduction
35
Q

Population size is infinitly large assumption

A

eliminates changes in gene frequencies that would occur by change alone like genetic drift

36
Q

genes are not added from outside the population assumtion

A

mating among individuals from different populations is called gene flow or migration

37
Q

genes do not mutate from one allelic state to another assumption

A

mutation can change allele frequencys

38
Q

All individuals have equal probability of survival and reproduction assumption

A

there is no natural selection operating on the population

39
Q

Why is hardy weinberg useful if the assumptions almost never hold true

A

allows us to test for evolutionary processes and provides a control for all the major factors that cause evolutionary change within a population

40
Q

Factors that cause evolutionary change within a population are

A

nonrandom mating, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, natural selection

41
Q

linkage

A

physical association of genes on the same chromosome

42
Q

Linkage disequilibrium

A

the nonrandom association of alleles at different loci, we expect alleles close together to travel together

43
Q

the hardy weinberg assumptions are

A

the drivers of evolutionary change

44
Q

loci are at linkage disequilibrium when

A

frequency of association of different alleles is higher/lower than what would be expected if the loci were independent and associated randomly

45
Q

linkage disequilibrium is broken down by

A

recombination, this will result in linkage equilibrium

46
Q

Reasons for linkage disequilibrium

A

nonrandom mating, new mutation arises, recombination being low, population formed by union of 2 populations with different allele frequency, natural selection

47
Q

Quantitative trait definition

A

a measurable phenotype that depends on the cumulative actions of many genes and the environment

48
Q

Quanitive traits

A

can vary among individuals to produce continuous distribution of phenotypes like hight, weight

49
Q

Distribution of quanitative variation

A

normal distribution curve

50
Q

Polygenic

A

the genetic component of quantitative variation, doesnt account for enviorment

51
Q

Additive alleles

A

combine to produce a heterozygote that is phenotypically the average of the two corresponding homozygotes

52
Q

Variation that doesnt come from genotype comes from

A

the enviorment

53
Q

Vg

A

genetic variance

54
Q

Ve

A

enviormental variance

55
Q

Vp

A

how much variation there is, phenotypic variation

56
Q

Phenotypic variation is

A

the sum of environment variation and the sum of genetic variation

57
Q

heratibility

A

the proportion of the phenotypic variance that is genetic

58
Q

heritability equasion

A

h^2=Vg/(Vg+Ve)

59
Q

We can estimate heritability by

A

looking at correlations between parents and offspring

60
Q

Gene flow definition

A

the exchange of alleles between populations

61
Q

how gene flow happens

A

genes can be carried by individuals or games, only migration succeeds in reproducing contributes to gene flow

62
Q

Gene flow by individuals

A

person, animals, seeds, spores

63
Q

gene flow by gametes

A

pollen, marine animal gametes

64
Q

Gene flow homogenizes the populations of a species by

A

bringing them all to the same allele frequencies (unless opposed by natural selection/genetic drift)

65
Q

Fixation index definition

A

A measure of the variation in allele frequency among populations

66
Q

Fixation index range

A

0-1, 0 means no variation 1 means populations are fixed for different alleles

67
Q

We use Fst for

A

measure of genetic similarity among populations within a species to identify the extent of isolation/uniquness

68
Q

Isolation by distance and gene flow

A

the further apart two or more populations are from one another geographically the more genetically dissimilar they are

69
Q

Ring species and gene flow

A

Two populations which do not interbreed are living in the same region and connected by a geographic ring of populations that can interbreed

Evolution (16 decks)

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