Lecture 3 Study Guide

Question 1

Hierarchy of taxonomic categories

Answer 1

In order of most to least inclusive, Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speices

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

The naming and classification of organisms

Question 3

Speciation

Answer 3

The origin of two species from a common ancestral species, a branching point in an evolutionary tree

Question 4

Typological or essentialist species concept

Answer 4

An individual was a member of a species if it conformed to that type or ideal in fixed morphological properties

Question 5

Morphological species concept

Answer 5

species are groups of individuals that are morphologically similar to one another and are morphologically distinct from other such groups

Question 6

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Answer 6

An irreducible cluster of organisms diagnosably different from other such clusters, and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and decent

Question 7

Biological species concept

Answer 7

species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Question 8

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 8

biological differences between the populations reduce gene flow between them, even if they are not geographically separated

Question 9

isolating mechanisms or barriers to gene flow

Answer 9

gene flow between biological species is partially or entirely prevented by biological differences

Question 10

prezygotic isolating barriers

Answer 10

barriers that reduce the likelihood of the transfer of gametes to members of other species

Question 11

postzygotic isolating barriers

Answer 11

Barriers that reduce survival or reproductive rates of hybrid zygotes

Question 12

geographic isolation

Answer 12

species occur in different areas which are often separated bt a physical barrier

Question 13

Ecological isolation

Answer 13

breeding at different times of the year (seasonal isolation) or different microhabitats

Question 14

Behavioral isolation

Answer 14

results from mate recognition systems that consist of signals and responses such that one sex will not respond to the other unless it receives the appropriate signals

Question 15

Postmating prezygotic barriers

Answer 15

results when females terminate mating if the male’s genitalia fail to provide the appropriate stimulus, may also occur after transfer of sperm but fertilization fails to occur

Question 16

Gametic Isolation

Answer 16

Occurs when gametes of different species fail to unite

Question 17

Hybrid inviability

Answer 17

hybrids have lower survival rates that non hybrids

Question 18

hybrid vigor/heterosis

Answer 18

when hybrids have higher survival, this is not common but when it happens it’s often in interme=ediate or disturbed habitats

Question 19

hybrid sterility

Answer 19

differences between genes from two parents may result in disharmonious genetic interactions, resulting in hybrids not being able to produce viable gametes

Question 20

Allopatry

Answer 20

species or distinct populations with geographic ranges that are separate from one another

Question 21

Sympatry

Answer 21

species or distinct populations with overlapping geographic ranges

Question 22

Parapatry

Answer 22

species or distinct populations with adjacent but non overlapping geographic ranges

Question 23

hybrid zone

Answer 23

a region where genetically distinct parapatric forms interbeed

Question 24

secondary contact

Answer 24

when range shifts cause geographically separated (allopatric) populations to come into contact, may result in hybrid zone

Question 25

intergrade zone

Answer 25

when genetically distinct populations merge gradually from one to another

Question 26

primary contact

Answer 26

occurs when genetically distinct populations merge gradually from one to the other, but were never allopatric, may result in an integrated zone

Question 27

cline

Answer 27

gradual change in character trait or allele frequencies over geographic distances

Question 28

Bergmanns rule

Answer 28

the principle that in warm blooded animal species having distinct geographic populations, the body size of animals living in cold climates tend to be larger then the animals of same species in warm climates. Larger bodys produce more body heat. they also have smaller surface areas relative to there mass, resulting in relative lower rate of heat radiation

Question 29

Ecotype

Answer 29

a phenotype that is associated with a particular habitat