Lecture 6 study guide

Question 1

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 1

The capacity of an organism of a given genotype to express different phenotypes under different enviormental conditions

Question 2

Norm of reaction

Answer 2

the variety of different phenotypic states that can be produced by a single genotype under different environmental conditions

Question 3

Genotype x environment interaction

Answer 3

The effect of environmental differences on a phenotype differs among genotypes

Question 4

Allele frequency

Answer 4

the relative commonness or rarity of an allele in a population

Question 5

homozygotes

Answer 5

in sexually reproducing, diploid organisms that carry a copy of two different alleles

Question 6

Heterozygotes

Answer 6

in sexually reproducing, diploid organisms that carry a copy of two different alleles

Question 7

Genotype frequency

Answer 7

the proportion of a population that has a certain genotype

Question 8

hardy weinberg equilibrium

Answer 8

when genotypes have the frequencies predicted by the hardy weinberg princible

Question 9

hardy weinberg equilibrium 5 assumptions

Answer 9

random mating, infinitely large population size, no gene flow or migration, no mutation, and equal probability of survival and reproduction

Question 10

Panmixis

Answer 10

random mating within a breeding population

Question 11

random genetic drift

Answer 11

changes in allele frequency that occur by chance alone

Question 12

Gene flow

Answer 12

the movement of alleles from one population to another through mating among individuals from different population (example-migration)

Question 13

Linkage

Answer 13

physical association of genes on the same chromosome

Question 14

linkage disequilibrium

Answer 14

the non random association of alleles at different loci

Question 15

linkage disequilibrium 6 reasons

Answer 15

nonrandom mating, new mutation, recent union of population from two different populations with different allele frequency, , low recombination rate, random genetic drift, natural selection

Question 16

Quanative trait

Answer 16

a measurable phenotype that depends on the cumulative actions of may genes and the enviorment

Question 17

polygenetic

Answer 17

the genetic component of quantitative variation

Question 18

Additive alleles

Answer 18

Combine to produce a heterozygote that is phenotypically the average of the two corresponding homozygotes

Question 19

Vp=Vg+Ve

Answer 19

p=phenotypic variance, g=genotypic variance, e=enviormental variance

Question 20

Heritability

Answer 20

the proportion of the phenotypic variance that is genetic

Question 21

Heritability formula

Answer 21

h^2= Vg/(Vg+Ve)

Question 22

fixation index

Answer 22

a measure of the variation in allele frequency among populations

Question 23

Fixation index formula

Answer 23

Fst=[Vq/(q)(1-q)] or Fst=1/(4Nm+1)

Question 24

fixation index formula meaning for q

Answer 24

mean frequency of one of the alleles

Question 25

fixation index formula meaning for Vq

Answer 25

variance among populations in the frequency of q

Question 26

fixation index formula meaning for N

Answer 26

population size

Question 27

fixation index formula meaning for m

Answer 27

migration rate

Question 28

fixation index formula meaning for Nm

Answer 28

number of immigrants per generation

Question 29

Isolation by distance

Answer 29

the further apart two or more populations are from one another geographically, the more genetically dissimilar they are

Question 30

Ring species

Answer 30

two populations that do not interbreed are living in the same region and connected by a geographic ring of populations that can interbreed