Lecture 3

Question 1

Taxonomic Categories

Answer 1

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, order, family genus, species (dear king Phillip came over for good soup)

Question 2

Taxonomy is

Answer 2

The naming and classification of organisms

Question 3

Taxonomy is better than common names because

Answer 3

Common names vary from place to place, scientific names are more accurate

Question 4

Speciation is

Answer 4

the origin of two species from a common ancestor species, when you split off on the tree to form a new line/group of species

Question 5

Speciation bridges

Answer 5

evolution of populations and the evolution of taxonomic diversity (links micro and macro evolution)

Question 6

Speciation is responsible for

Answer 6

branching patterns of darwins theory of natural selection

Question 7

Different species

Answer 7

Undergo independent divergence and maintain separate identities, evolutionary tendencies, and fates

Question 8

Definitions for speices

Answer 8

vary, there are so many

Question 9

A species concept is useful if it

Answer 9

classify an organism systematically, correspond to a discrete group of similar organisms, help explain how discrete clusters of organisms arise in nature, represents products in evolutionary history, and apply to the largest possible variety of organisms

Question 10

Early taxonomists had what notion of species

Answer 10

typological or essentail

Question 11

Morphological Species Concept

Answer 11

individual was a member of a species if it conformed to that type of ideal or fixed morphological propertys

Question 12

2 common species concepts are

Answer 12

phylogenic species concept and biological species concept

Question 13

Phylogenic species concept

Answer 13

emphasizes phylogenetic history of a population

Question 14

Phylogenetic species concept definition

Answer 14

an irreducible basal cluster of organisms diagnosably different from other such clusters and within which there is a parental patter of ancestor and decent

Question 15

The phylogenetic species concept definition would occur

Answer 15

whenever a population undergoes fixation of genetic differences even a single DNA base pair

Question 16

The biological species concept is

Answer 16

most frequently used by evolutionary biologists

Question 17

Biological species concept definition

Answer 17

species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Question 18

Reproductive isolation

Answer 18

biological differences between the populations reduce gene flow between them, even if they are not geographically separated

Question 19

Barriers to gene flow/Isolating mechanisms

Answer 19

gene flow between biological species is partially or entirely prevented by biological differences

Question 20

2 main types of isolating barriers are

Answer 20

prezygotic and postzygotic

Question 21

5 prezygotic barriers are

Answer 21

geographic isolation, ecological isolation, behavioral isolation, post-mating prezygotic barriers, and gametic isolation

Question 22

Geographic isolation

Answer 22

species occur in different areas which are often separated by a physical barrier

Question 23

Geographic isolation example

Answer 23

salamanders separated by different mountains

Question 24

Ecological isolation

Answer 24

breeding at different times of the year (seasonal isolation) or different microhabitats

Question 25

Ecological isolation example

Answer 25

crickets that breed at only spring or fall

Question 26

Behavioral isolation

Answer 26

sometimes very specific mate recognition systems consist of signals and responses, one sex won’t respond to another unless they give appropriate signals

Question 27

Behavioral isolation examples

Answer 27

doing duets, chemical signals, ritualized behaviors, birds doing dances

Question 28

Post mating prezygotic barrers

Answer 28

females can terminate mating if males’ genitalia fail to provide the appropriate stimulus, even with the transfer of sperm there is no guarantee that fertilization will occur

Question 29

Gametic isolation

Answer 29

gametes of specific species fail to unite, divergence in surface proteins on the gametes prevent sperm from fertilizing egg of different species

Question 30

2 post zygotic barriers

Answer 30

hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility

Question 31

Hybrid inviability

Answer 31

hybrids have a lower survival rate than non hybrids

Question 32

Hybrid sterility

Answer 32

difference between genes from two parents can interact disharmony, hybrids produce inviable gametes

Question 33

6 types of geographic variation

Answer 33

allopatry, sympatry, parapatry, hybrid zone, cline, ecotype

Question 34

Allopatry

Answer 34

species or distinct populations with geographic ranges that are separate from each other

Question 35

Sympatry

Answer 35

species or distinct populations with overlapping geographical ranges

Question 36

parapatry

Answer 36

species or distinct populations with adjacent but non overlapping geographical ranges

Question 37

hybrid zone

Answer 37

a region where genetically distinct parapatric forms interbreed, usually form after secondary contact

Question 38

intergrade zone usually forms

Answer 38

during primary contact

Question 39

cline

Answer 39

a gradual change in character or allele frequency over geographic distance

Question 40

ecotype

Answer 40

a phenotype that is associated with a particular habitat

Question 41

tree of life

Answer 41

shows evolutionary process linearly, web of life more accurate depiction