Lecture 6 - Cell Biology Flashcards
6 features common to all cells
– Cell membrane – Cytoplasm – Genetic information, DNA – RNA participates in producing proteins – Ribosomes manufacture proteins – Proteins carry out cell’s work
complex cells have _________
organelles
compartments for specialized functions
organelles
bacteria is what type of cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
prokaryotic
two types of cells
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
humans, plants, and fungi have what type of cells
eukaryotic
what type of cells have all the essentials and don’ protect their DNA
prokaryotic
why don’t prokaryotes protect their DNA
because they don’t have a nucleus
what type of cells extremely protect their DNA and how
eukaryotic, they have a nucleus(so big you can see it with a light microscope)
4 types of connections between cells
adhesion/anchoring junction
tight junction
gap junction
plasmodesmata
what type of connection between cells link cytoplasm of adjacent cells
gap junction
what type of connection between cells forms impermeable membrane
tight junction
what type of connection between cells is a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cel walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them
plasmodesmata
what type of connection between cells connect cells by linking intermediate filaments
adhesion junction
what are cell membranes made out of
lipids and proteins
5 characteristics of phosphlipids
- glycerol
- 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
- hydrophilic head
- hydrophobic tails
- spontaneously form phospholipids bilayer
describe fluid mosaic
proteins and phospholipids free to move literally within the bilayer
purpose of the cell membrane
regulate what goes in and out of the cell
purpose of ribosomes
read RNA & make proteins
describe ribosomes in the cytoplasm
protein not associated with membrane, just free floating in cytoplasm
describe ribosomes in RER
proteins released from cell or fused with membrane or part of another organelle membrane
what type of cells contains a nuclear envelope
eukaryotic
studded with ribosomes making proteins destined for secretion (like milk)
• Proteins folded and modified
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs and poisons
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticululm
2 steps of Smooth ER
- packages ribosomes from RER in a vesicle
2. reconstitutes itself, its where more phospholipids are made
what part of endomembrane system attaches carbs to ribosomes
golgi-apparatus
list 4 characteristics of the golgi apparatus
– Processing center for vesicle contents
– Proteins complete intricate folding and become functional
– Some proteins will become membrane surface proteins
– Others packaged for secretion from the cell
what organelle of a cell is the suicide sac
lysosome
– Contain enzymes that lyse substrates
– Specific pH inside prevents enzymes from damaging cell
lysosome
– Found in plants
– Enzymes degrade and recycle materials
– Important in growth and maintaining rigidity
vacuoles
what organelle of a cell is a storage contianer
vacuole
– Dispose of toxic substances
– Some reactions produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
– Enzyme produces harmless water molecules
Peroxisomes
- Deficiency in an enzyme that breaks down lipids in cells that surround nerve cells.
- Lipids accumulate and affect nerve function
Tay-Sachs disease
- Absent peroxisomal enzyme
- Type of lipid builds up in brain and spinal cord
- Loss of control over limbs
Adrenoleukodystrophy
– Site of photosynthesis
– Uses energy from sunlight to produce glucose
– Occurs specifically in thylakoids
Chloroplasts
– Cellular respiration extracts energy from food
– Cristae contain enzymes for cellular respiration
– Also contains its own DNA
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
• list 3 major components distinguished by protein type, diameter, and aggregation
microtubules
microfilament
intermediate filaments
Which major component of cytoskeleton – Provides for many cellular movements – “Trackway” within cell – Cilia – short, many – Flagella – long, few
microtubule
Which major component of cytoskeleton
–Actin
– Machinery to move
microfilament
Which major component of cytoskeleton
– Made of different proteins in different specialized cell types
– Internal scaffold for cell
intermediate filaments
