Lecture 6 - Cell Biology

Question 1

6 features common to all cells

Answer 1

– Cell membrane
– Cytoplasm 
– Genetic information, DNA 
– RNA participates in producing proteins
– Ribosomes manufacture proteins  
– Proteins carry out cell’s work

Question 2

complex cells have _________

Answer 2

organelles

Question 3

compartments for specialized functions

Answer 3

organelles

Question 4

bacteria is what type of cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)

Answer 4

prokaryotic

Question 5

two types of cells

Answer 5

prokaryotic

eukaryotic

Question 6

humans, plants, and fungi have what type of cells

Answer 6

eukaryotic

Question 7

what type of cells have all the essentials and don’ protect their DNA

Answer 7

prokaryotic

Question 8

why don’t prokaryotes protect their DNA

Answer 8

because they don’t have a nucleus

Question 9

what type of cells extremely protect their DNA and how

Answer 9

eukaryotic, they have a nucleus(so big you can see it with a light microscope)

Question 10

4 types of connections between cells

Answer 10

adhesion/anchoring junction
tight junction
gap junction
plasmodesmata

Question 11

what type of connection between cells link cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Answer 11

gap junction

Question 12

what type of connection between cells forms impermeable membrane

Answer 12

tight junction

Question 13

what type of connection between cells is a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cel walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them

Answer 13

plasmodesmata

Question 14

what type of connection between cells connect cells by linking intermediate filaments

Answer 14

adhesion junction

Question 15

what are cell membranes made out of

Answer 15

lipids and proteins

Question 16

5 characteristics of phosphlipids

Answer 16

• glycerol
• 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
• hydrophilic head
• hydrophobic tails
• spontaneously form phospholipids bilayer

Question 17

describe fluid mosaic

Answer 17

proteins and phospholipids free to move literally within the bilayer

Question 18

purpose of the cell membrane

Answer 18

regulate what goes in and out of the cell

Question 19

purpose of ribosomes

Answer 19

read RNA & make proteins

Question 20

describe ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Answer 20

protein not associated with membrane, just free floating in cytoplasm

Question 21

describe ribosomes in RER

Answer 21

proteins released from cell or fused with membrane or part of another organelle membrane

Question 22

what type of cells contains a nuclear envelope

Answer 22

eukaryotic

Question 23

studded with ribosomes making proteins destined for secretion (like milk)
• Proteins folded and modified

Answer 23

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 24

synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs and poisons

Answer 24

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticululm

Question 25

2 steps of Smooth ER

Answer 25

1. packages ribosomes from RER in a vesicle | 2. reconstitutes itself, its where more phospholipids are made

Question 26

what part of endomembrane system attaches carbs to ribosomes

Answer 26

golgi-apparatus

Question 27

list 4 characteristics of the golgi apparatus

Answer 27

– Processing center for vesicle contents – Proteins complete intricate folding and become functional – Some proteins will become membrane surface proteins – Others packaged for secretion from the cell

Question 28

what organelle of a cell is the suicide sac

Answer 28

lysosome

Question 29

– Contain enzymes that lyse substrates | – Specific pH inside prevents enzymes from damaging cell

Answer 29

lysosome

Question 30

– Found in plants – Enzymes degrade and recycle materials – Important in growth and maintaining rigidity

Answer 30

vacuoles

Question 31

what organelle of a cell is a storage contianer

Answer 31

vacuole

Question 32

– Dispose of toxic substances – Some reactions produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) – Enzyme produces harmless water molecules

Answer 32

Peroxisomes

Question 33

* Deficiency in an enzyme that breaks down lipids in cells that surround nerve cells. * Lipids accumulate and affect nerve function

Answer 33

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 34

* Absent peroxisomal enzyme * Type of lipid builds up in brain and spinal cord * Loss of control over limbs

Answer 34

Adrenoleukodystrophy

Question 35

– Site of photosynthesis – Uses energy from sunlight to produce glucose – Occurs specifically in thylakoids

Answer 35

Chloroplasts

Question 36

– Cellular respiration extracts energy from food – Cristae contain enzymes for cellular respiration – Also contains its own DNA

Answer 36

Mitochondria

Question 37

Cytoskeleton | • list 3 major components distinguished by protein type, diameter, and aggregation

Answer 37

microtubules microfilament intermediate filaments

Question 38

``` Which major component of cytoskeleton – Provides for many cellular movements – “Trackway” within cell – Cilia – short, many – Flagella – long, few ```

Answer 38

microtubule

Question 39

Which major component of cytoskeleton –Actin – Machinery to move

Answer 39

microfilament

Question 40

Which major component of cytoskeleton – Made of different proteins in different specialized cell types – Internal scaffold for cell

Answer 40

intermediate filaments