Lecture 16 - Evolution Flashcards
True/False: Evolution is a theory of origins
FALSE!
results from differential reproductive success
natural selection
True/False: natural selection has a goal
FALSE! It does NOT have a goal
What eliminates certain phenotypes
Natural Selection
why do seemingly harmful alleles persist
balanced polymorphism
heterozygote has > fitness than either homozygote
heterozygote advantage
sickle cell disease, malaria, cystic fibrosis, and diarrheal disease fall under…
heterozygote advantage
generation by generation shifts
microevolution
involved the adaptive changes within population
microevolution
5 things that cause evolution
- mutation
- nonrandom mating
- gene flow
- genetic drift
- natural selection
introduces new alleles through migration
gene flow
founder effect or bottleneck effect
genetic drift
creates new alleles
mutation
predict what can happen in the future
natural selection
the various alleles at all gene loci in all the individuals make up the gene poop of that population
population genetics
shifts in the frequency of alleles over time in a population constitutes microevolution
population genetics
frequency of both alleles in a population of diploid organisms if only 2 alleles exist =
p + q = 1
equilibrium =
p^2 + 2pq + q^2
raw material for evolution
mutation
variation in ability to attract mates
sexual selection
sexual selection falls under…
nonrandom mating
the highly unlikely situation in which allele frequencies do not change from one generation to the next
Handy-Winberg Principle
change due to chance
genetic drift
small group of individuals forms new population (religion, culture, physical, isolation)
founder effect
many members of a population die leaving only a few survivors
bottleneck effect
not mechanics of evolution, just how a population shrinks extremely small
founder effect & bottleneck effect
migration brings in or takes away alleles
gene flow
individuals or gametes can disperse
gene flow
process that adapts populations to the environment (interactions that exist between species)
natural selection
3 biotic/living types of natural selection
- competition
- predation
- parasitism
3 abiotic/nonliving types of natural selection
- weather and climate
- temperature
- moisture
is mutation a selection process
No, because it is random and slow
if you introduced new gmo to population what would happen
they all die
any shift of p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =
evolution
any shift in allele frequency =
some force is acting on it, some type of evolution
what does it mean when p^2 increases
homozygous dominant phenotypes becoming more favorable
what does it mean when q^2 decreases
homozygous recessive phenotypes becoming less favorable
2pq increases means
heterozygote advantage (being carriers of some diseases)
which of the following will cause evolution to occur
- (4/5 will remain constant, 1/5 changes)
- (look for changes in DNA, sexual selection, gene flow, small population, natural selection
- there’s no changes in the DNA/nucleotide sequence
- random mating
- no migration interlap
- the population is large
- environmental changes
Description of each:
- Mutation: change in the DNA (point mutation, framshift, substitution, insertion)
- nonrandom mating: sexual selection(birds in paradise, finches that create love mess), some phenotypes are more favorable than others, advantage to other species to pass on alleles
- gene flow: migration interlap (in or out)
- genetic drift: small population
- natural selection: environmental changes
FREEBEE
Which of those 5 creates new alleles
mutation
Which of those 5 introduces new alleles to the population through migration
gene flow
Catastrophe of some type of over predation that causes shrink in population size
bottleneck effect
reproductive isolation through migration or through religious or cultural means
founder effect
what is specifically doing the selecting in natural selection:
- competition, predation, parasitism = living/biotic
- weather and climate, temperature, moisture = nonliving/abiotic
FREEBEE
- A lot of wrong answers talking about antibiotics and stuff
- development causes resistence
FREEBEE
difference between natural selection and evolution
evolution: change in allele frequency in population over time
- micro = short amt. time
- macro = long amt. time
