Lecture 12 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards
what are chromosomes made out of
repeating chromatids
what is chromatin
DNA + packaging proteins
are chromatins visible when cell is not dividing
barely visible
in what is DNA loosely packed and accessible for cell
in chromatin
describe chromosome structure
chromosomes -> chromatin -> nucleosomes -> DNA and histones
events between 1 cell division and the next
Cell Cycle
collective term for all of the DNA and associated proteins in a cell’s nucleus
chromatin
a discrete, continuous molecule of DNA wrapped around protein. Eukaryotic cells contain multiple linear chromosomes, whereas bacterial cells each contain one circular chromosome
chromosome
one of two identical attached copies that make up a replicated chromosome
chromatid
a small part of a chromosome that attaches each sister chromatids to each other
centromere
what is mitosis used for
growth, repair, renew, asexual reproduction
what is mitosis not used for
sexual reproduction
what are the stages of Mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
what stage is cell not divided but very active
interphase
what stage does mitotic spindle pull to aline all chromosomes in middle of cell
metaphase
what stage does mitotic spindle break down
telophase
what stage do all chromosomes condense (chromatin compact)
prophase
what stage pulls on each side and separates sister chromatids
anaphase
what state does nuclear envelope break apart - dumps into cytoplasm
prophase
what stage does nuclear envelope reform
telophase
what stage does chromatin unwind
telophase
what stage does mitotic spindle attach to centromere
prophase
(for purpose of this class) Cytokinesis __________ occurs without mitosis
ALWAYS
what happens in cytokinesis
cytoplasm division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing the separation into 2 daughter cells
cytokinesis in animals
cell membrane
cleavage furrow results from contractile ring
what is cytokinesis in animals done by
cytoskeleton filaments
cytokinesis in plants
cell wall
construct a new cell wall
what is cytokinesis in plants done by
Golgi Apparatus
what phase does DNA get duplicated
interphase
scientists design chemotherapy drugs to kill cells in what stage
metaphase
chemotherapy drugs block sister chromatids in what stage
anaphase
in what phase do chemotherapy drugs block mitotic spindle
prophase
longest phase of cell cycle
interphase
longest phase of mitosis
prophase
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death
True/False: genome doesn’t have to be duplicated before cell division
FALSE! genome MUST be duplicated before cell division
stretch of DNA wrapped around histones
nucleosomes
are sperm and egg diploid or haploid
haploid
You must be multicellular to be used for sexual reproduction
:) FREEBEE
3 stages of interphase
G1
S
G2
what stage of interphase:
cell grows and carries out basic functions
• Signals tell cell to divide, stop for repair of DNA,
die or enter G0
G1
what stage of interphase:
genetic material replicates
S
what stage of interphase:
cell prepares to divide and chromosomes begin to condense
G2
what attaches chromosomes to the spindle
Kinetochores
