Final Flashcards
Natural Selection causes organisms to inherit genetic changes that allows them to be better suited to a particular environment. Give a characteristic of life that is an examples of this.
Evolution
An adder in the Namid Desert can use camouflage to attack its prey. What is a characteristic of life that this is an example of?
Evolution
The theory that the most basic level or organization of life is a cell.
Cell theory
The theory that all living organisms are made of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cell theory
Correctly indicate the levels of organization in increasing order?
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
How living things change over time due to mutation, natural selection, etc.
Evolution
The theory of evolution explains what?
Why we have such diversity of life on this planet
The principles of evolution =
the mechanics of how that works
Which of the following ways that living things use energy is necessary to sustain life on this planet due to the law of entropy causing everything to become disorganized?
photosynthesis
entropy causes energy to…
be lost
life wouldn’t be possible on this planet without ______
photosynthesis
Why is sexual reproduction(genetic recombination) more adventages than asexual reproduction
- diversity
…because genetic recombination = diversity = key for survival and adapatation
This process is necessary to sustain all life on this planet
photosynthesis/cellular respiration
Which of the following modes of reproduction is most adventages for survival?
sexual reproduction/genetic recombination
Food entering the human digestive system causes the pancreas to release insulin and other hormones into the bloodstream to regulate blood glucose levels. This is an example of how living organisms
maintain homeostasis
state of internal constancy or equilibrium
homeostasis
Constant stream of energy required to maintain organized life
metabolism
disruption of homeostasis
disease
Consumers break down organic material from other organisms to fuel their metabolism. This is an example of how living organisms
use energy
how all living things process energy
glucose metabolism
Gregor Mendel discovering ways in which alleles are passed on from one generation to the next and how you can predict the outcome of one gene vs. the other
Laws
- Law if Inheritance
- Law of Segregation
- Law of Independent Assortment
explains why we have the diversity of life on the planet
theory of evolution
the theory of why there’s so much diversity of life
theory of evolution
atoms interact with one another to become stable
- atoms become stable by filling their outermost electron shell
valence electron shell theory
the theory that explains why molecules form
valence electron shell theory
principles of evolution
natural selection sexual selection mutation genetic drift gene flow
all of the principles of evolution
hardy-weingberg principle
no two species can coexist in the same ecological niche
- when 2 species interact and compete over the same ecological niche
competitive exlusion principle
2 outcomes of competitive exclusion principle
- one species displaces the other
- resource partitioning: use different parts of same ecological niche, coexist in same environment, but no longer use same resources
states that the more you know about an electron’s position, the less you know about where it’s going
-principle of valence electron shell theory
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
2 Laws of Thermodynamics
Law of Energy Conservation: all energy is conserved, merely transformed from one to the other
Law of Entropy: all energy transfers are inefficient = loss of energy
3 types of bonds
covalent: when atoms share electrons in their outermost electron shell
- most biological connections
- potential enrgy ( > covalent bonds = > potential energy)
ionic: 2 atoms of opposite charge interact
- don’t occur often in biological systems because they don’t readily form in water
hydrogen: one of the most important for life
- gives DNA double helix structure
- allows proteins to fold into enzymes
- gives water life-sustaining properties
dissolver
- dissolve polar nonionic substances, ions, and some nonpolar gases
- When you breathe in oxygen, it will diffuse past your lung cells and dissolve in your blood because water has what characteristic
- This property of water is especially important for organisms which use water to transport dissolved materials throughout their systems
solvent
Water has many properties that allow biological organisms to function. Which properties of water allows trees to pull water from the roots into the upper branches?
cohesion/adhesion
works well together
- water is attracted to itself
cohesion
- attracted to other polar substances and surfaces
- When a nurse pricks your finger and draws blood into a capillary tube, what propertie of water allows the blood to be attracted to the surface of the glass and flow up the tube
Adhesion
- area where water area is separated from air/atmosphere (skin)
- Insects and other materials are able to settle on top of water without breaking through.
Surface Tension
- keep temp. compatible with those of living organisms
- 1 calorie = 1 g H2O increase 1 degree C
- allows costal regions to balance drastic changes in climate
- allows humans to exercise and not die from a rapid rise in temperature
- water is less dense in its solid form than its liquid form
Heat Capacity
- synonymous to Photosynthesis (energy being absorbed/stored)
- monomer -> polymer
- kinetic -> potential
Dehydration Synthesis
- synonymous to Glucose Metabolism (energy being extracted)
- polymer -> monomer
- potential -> kinetic
Hydrolysis
A glycoprotein is a combination of two polymers attached to each other from two different basic biological groups. It is obvious what group the protein aspect of this molecule belongs to. The molecule however that is attached to the protein belongs to the ________________ group.
carbohydrate
Nucleic acids, starch, and proteins are broken down by enzymes into their respective monomers during a chemical process called
hydrolysis
___________________ are the hereditary material found in the cells of all living organisms and is used to instruct each cell how to function.
nucleic acids
polysaccharides are made by
dehydration synthesis
- used for energy and structure
- most abundant ones (cellulose) on the planet aren’t used for food
- most readily available source of energy in human bodies
- used for short term energy storage
- easy breakdown for energy consumption
- used for construction of cell walls
- attached to proteins for cell recognition
- cellulose: most abundant (polysaccharide), nondigestible
carbohydrates
- what lipid makes cell membranes unique
- most important lipid for life
phospholipid
- all of the functions of the cells
- allows everything in biology to function
- “the workers”
proteins
- hereditary material
- “blueprints” of the cell
- code for how proteins are to be made
nucleic acids
- The majority of energy capturing in a plant leaf takes place in which organelle
- photosynthesis occurs
- Life on our planet requires a replenishment of energy from the sun. Which organelle replenishes and ecosystem with energy from the sun
- autotrophs
chloroplast
which organelle does the process of transcription(copying of DNA) take place
nucleus
- which organell does the process of translation (conversion of mRNA sequence to protein sequence) take place
- makes proteins
ribosomes
organisms undergo photosynthesis
autotrophs
- digest cell from inside out
- digestive organelle of cell
- apoptosis
- cancer
lysosome
- primarily determines the shape of cells that lack cell walls
- responsible for making mitotic spindle (mitosis and meiosis)
cytoskeleton
- bacteria out of peptidoglycan
- plants out of cellulose
- fungi out of chitin
cell wall
- Recognition proteins usually have a glycogen molecule added to them before being sent out to the membrane. Which organelle performs this modification process
- attaches the oligosaccharide to be able to makes the fully constructed glycoprotein for things like your blood type and other things for recognition
golgi apparatus
- organelle responsible for processing/producing energy for things like your muscles and your neurons
- _____________, chloroplasts, and the nucleus are the only organelles in a cell that contain DNA
- metabolism
mitochondria
Neurons hold small vesicles of neurotransmitter near the cell membrane and release them outside the cell when one neuron communicates with another. This process of is an example of
exocytosis
Photosynthesis and glucose metabolism are able to use energy from the sun or glucose molecules to push hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient. This stored energy can then be harnessed to synthesize ATP. The process of pushing hydrogen ions across the membrane against their gradient is an example of
active transport
Membrane proteins in the presence of insulin allow glucose to enter into the cells down their concentration gradient. This is an example of
facilitated diffusion
Which of the following modes of transport works against entropy?
- water travels through the cell membrane into a blood cell that has less water
- sodium and potassium are pushed to opposite sides of the neurons membrane
- glucose travels through a membrane protein into a cell down its concentration gradient
- oxygen travels from the air in the lungs into the bloodstream
- solute particles from a tea bag spread out into the hot water
sodium and potassium are pushed to opposite sides of the neurons membrane
The highest concentration of endergonic reactions in a plant cell takes place in which organelles?
chloroplasts
Penicillin does not hurt human cells because
there are no enzymes in human cells that have an active site for penicillin
- All matter tends to become less organized
- All energy transfer is ineffecient
- Living organisms must continue to take in energy to remain organized
- Matter cannot be created or destroyed
The first and second laws of thermodynamics dictate how everything regarding energy behaves in our known universe.
When glucose is broken down and converted into ATP, the energy needed to initiate the reaction and that can be lowered by an enzyme is called
activation energy
When the concentration of water is lower on the outside than the inside of the cell, the solution on the outside of the cell is considered to be
hypertonic
What best describes the reason ATP is used to drive nearly all cellular reactions?
Phosphates repel one another making ATP more unstable than other molecules
- passive transport not using a carrier protein
- oxygen and carbon dioxide use ____ ____ to enter and leave blood in the lungs or tissues
- from of entropy
- oxygen gas diffuses from lung into blood vessel
simple diffusion
- simple diffusion of water across a membrane
- passive transport
- form of entropy
- isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solutions
- water is reabsorbed into blood from kidney tubules
osmosis
- passive transport in which a membrane protein assists solute movement along concentration gradient
- does not require energy
- glucose uses facilitated diffusion - to hydrophilic to pass through membrane unassisted
- form of entropy
- glucose diffuses into red blood cells
facilitated diffusion
- transport protein moves substance against its gradient; required energy input, often from ATP
- salts are reabsorbed into blood from kidney tubules
active transport
- process of taking substances into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane
- membrane engulfs a substance and draws it into the cell
- white blood cells ingest bacteria
endocytosis
- when the cell is getting rid of bulk amounts of material/large molecules
- vesicle fuses with cell membrane, releasing substances outside of the cell
- neuron secretes neurotransmitters
exocytosis
What are the products of photosynthesis?
O2 and glucose
During which photosynthesis processes is water split into O2 and H+?
photosystem II
What would be affected if water was not available for photosynthesis?
Photosystems I, II, and the Calvin cycle
where does the bulk of the mass of the plant come from
the air
How do C4 plants differ from C3 plants?
C4 plants use an alternative pathway to capture CO2 from the atmosphere
where does the bulk of organic mass come from
the air that the photosynthetic organisms are taking in
where does the oxygen that you and I breathe come from
breaking down water
what is the fuel for essentially keeping all life on this planet without the kinetic energy
the sun
- full, most efficient process of respiraton
- need mitochondria
- Energy is most efficiently produced by (efficiency as defined as number of ATP produced per molecule of substrate consumed)
aerobic respiration
difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
the very, very last step at the end…aerobic uses oxygen, anaerobic uses anything other than oxygen
True/False: aerobic and anaerobic respiration are identical mechanically
true
- least efficient, because it doesn’t involve mitochondria
fermentation
Does anaerobic respiration need mitochondria
Yes
Does fermentation produce the energy?
No, it’s glycolysis
The reason that fermentation occurs in human cells is because
when aerobic respiration does not produce enough energy for metabolism, fermentation is necessary so glycolysis can make additional energy
The synthesis of a polypeptide chain using a nucleic acid sequence as a template
Translation
- copying process
- 1) copying DNA to DNA (DNA transcription) = cell replication
- 2) copying DNA to RNA (RNA transcription) = purpose of making protein
Transcription
What type of RNA contain a specific anti-codon for the codons used during translation?
transfer RNA
what is a transgenic organism
any species that has a foreign gene inserted into it
difference between DNA fingerprinting and DNA sequencing
- DNA sequences looks at just the genes, not proteins
- ## DNA fingerprinting is a way to analyze the DNA that is not gene encoding
- process of figuring out the order of the nucleotides (lets us see changes in the DNA = mutations)
- Generate series of DNA fragments that are complementary to the original DNA
DNA sequencing
- DNA profile comparing the pattern generated by two different samples of DNA based on non-gene encoding sequences
- comparing biological samples to each other
- A paternity test uses _________________ to display the pattern of STR in an individual’s DNA.
- applications: forensics, paternity tests, sample comparisons for disaster identification
- CAN NOT tell you your genes/susceptibility to cancer/mutations/etc.
DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting is unique to an individual because
the short tandem repeats are different for each person
All of these are true!
- Both therapeutic and reproductive cloning can use embryonic stem cells
- Reproductive cloning produces an individual organism genetically identical to the original organism
- Therapeutic cloning is used to produce mature cells of specific cell types
- Cells from therapeutic cloning can be used to treat diseases of specific organs
FREEBEE
This is False!
- Reproductive cloning makes specialized cells from stem cells for treatment of diseases and tissue replacement
FREEBEE
- produces an individual organism genetically identical to the original organism
- organism regeneration
- isn’t just for animals
- cloning the whole organism
- Why do we do this? ~to understand how to recreate organs
Reproductive cloning
- used to produce mature cells of specific cell types
- Cells from _______ can be used to treat diseases of specific organs
- for cell and tissue regeneration
- skin grafts, bone marrow transplants, neurological regeneration
Therapeutic cloning
- used to produce mature cells of specific cell types
- Cells from _______ can be used to treat diseases of specific organs
- for cell and tissue regeneration
- skin grafts, bone marrow transplants, neurological regeneration
Therapeutic cloning
Reasons why mitosis occurs:
- asexual reproduction for single-celled organisms (also occurs in multi-cellular organisms)
- In multicellular organism: growth(development), repair(if damaged at certain stage), regenerating(regenerating blood-process where cells are sloughing off, and you’re regenerating)
What is mitosis NOT used for
Sexual reproduction/formation(production) of gametes
- the genes that you only need one mutation because they are a dominant gene
- they turn on/up the cell cycle/mitosis
- job is to generate proteins that cause mutations to occur
- good under normal conditions, not good when they mutate
- mutated versions = most problematic
proto-oncogenes, oncogenes
- work in a recessive fashion = 1 mutation is okay because there’s another one that compensates
- both genes need to be mutated to not do their job
- supposed to bring the proto-oncogenes in
- encode proteins that normally block cancer development
- genes inhibit the cell cycle and stimulate apoptosis
- Promote normal cell death or prevent cell division
- Inactivation, deletion, or mutation can cause loss of
function
tumor suppressor
- Mutated genes are called ______
oncogenes
genetic causes of cancer have to occur in ________ in order for the cells to start growing uncontrollably
multiple genes
- 1 oncogene
or
- 2 tumor suppressor genes
– homologous chromosomes OR sister chromatids fail to separate at 1st or 2nd meiotic division
- an error that can occur during anaphase I or II of meiosis that can result in a variety of syndromes if the fetus survives
– Results: Gamete with an extra(trisomy) or missing(monosomy) chromosome
– Most embryos with incorrect chromosome numbers cease developing
– Trisomy causes fewer problems than monosomy
Nondisjunction
- most common form of nondisjunction
- 85% survival
Trisomy 21/down syndrome
- greater than or equal to 1 complete sets of extra chromosomes
1- when you get two sperm fertilizing an egg
2- when woman ovulates and mitosis isn’t done = doesn’t eject second nuclei
= miscarriages
polyploidy
- looks at alleles affects
- whether its a regular trait or genetic disorder, you just need ONE to have that phenotype
Dominant Allele
- looks at alleles affects
- whether its a regular trait or genetic disorder, you need BOTH alleles in order to have that phenotype
Recessive Phenotype
- looks at alleles affects
- both alleles are dominant, but you get a mixed phenotype/intermediate phenotype
- two phenotypes meh together and you get something in the middle
- (pink flowers)
Incomplete dominance
- looks at alleles affects
- (blood type)
- get BOTH phenotypes, not mixed
co-dominance
- look at genes affects
- many genes, 1 trait/phenotype
- majority of phenotypes
polygenic
- look at genes affects
- 1 gene, multiple phenotypes
- A single gene may have multiple effects on phenotype
pleiotropy
- look at genes affects
- identical phenotypes, different problem with different genes
- causes difficulty in diagnosing genetic disorders
genetic heterogeneity
- look at genes affects
- 1 gene controls expression of another
- (albinism)
epistasis
the highly unlikely situation in which allele frequencies do not change from one generation to the next
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
These will cause evolution NOT to occur
– Mutation do not occur
– Random mating
– No migration in or out
– Population large enough to avoid random
changes in allele frequencies (genetic drift) (law of segregation)
– No natural selection
These WILL cause evolution to occur
- sexual selection
- population is very small
- changes in the DNA sequence will occur
- changes in the environment and the species interactions
which of the following will cause evolution to occur
- (4/5 will remain constant, 1/5 changes)
- (look for changes in DNA, sexual selection, gene flow, small population, natural selection
- there’s no changes in the DNA/nucleotide sequence
- random mating
- no migration interlap
- the population is large
- environmental changes
Description of each:
- Mutation: change in the DNA (point mutation, framshift, substitution, insertion)
- nonrandom mating: sexual selection(birds in paradise, finches that create love mess), some phenotypes are more favorable than others, advantage to other species to pass on alleles
- gene flow: migration interlap (in or out)
- genetic drift: small population
- natural selection: environmental changes
FREEBEE
Kingdoms and Domains:
- Uni/multicellular
- do they make cell wall, if yes what’s it made out of
- use of energy, ecological role, autotroph=photosynthesis, consumer, decomposer
- reproductive
Bacteria:
- unicellular
- Yes-peptidoglycen
- autotrophs, main role = decomposers
- asexual
Protists:
- both
- don’t worry about
- autotrophs (main on planet)
- both
Animals:
- multicellular
- No cell wall
- consumers (main), decomposers
- sexual
Archaea:
- methanogens
- halophile
- theroacidophiles
1. unicellular
2. Yes - pseudopeptidoglycen
3. decomposer
4. asexual
Plants:
- multicellular
- Yes - cellulose
- autotrophs
- both - produce sperm(pollin)
Fugi:
- both
- Yes - chitin
- decomposers (main on planet)
- both
Which kingdoms has no photosynthesizers in them
animals and fungi
which kingdom is heterotrophs/consumers
animals
- foundation of every ecosystem in based off this group
- bring nutrients and new energy back into the ecological pyramid through the air, soil, and water
- The organisms that cycle the minerals back into an ecosystem by absorbing them from the soil, water or atmosphere are called
autotrophs/producers
- recycles nutrients by feeding off the detritus and the waste
- Fungi and bacteria break down organic materials like leaves and wood. They are also known as
decomposers
- have to consumer other organisms to get their energy and food
heterotrophs/consumers
