Lecture 17 - Species Flashcards
organisms that cannot only mate with each other, but produce fertile offspring
species
population, or group of populations, whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
species
True/False: every species is reproductively isolated from every other species
True
in order for species to be reproductively isolated, they must be separated by barriers which prevent gene flow
reproduction barriers
what’s another name for reproduction barriers
isolated mechanisms
how we build the organism classification based upon their evolution
phylogenetics
modern biochemical and genetic analysis reveal relatedness among diverse organisms
phylogenetics
give each species a scientific name/binomial name
taxonomy
what does taxonomy fall under
classification system
organisms are classified based upon their _____ and _____ _____
genetic and molecular relationship
scientific name include _____ and _____
genus and species
True/False: study of biochemistry and genetics show many organisms use similar chemicals and genes
True
three domain classifications
bacteric
archaea
eukarya
what domain is very diverse and can go through photosynthesis
bacteria
what domain is extremophiles: live in extreme environmenets
archaea
what domain has some methane producing organisms
archaea
what domain lives in environments humans are used to
bacteria
name a difference between domain bacteria and archaea
their cell walls are molecularly different
True/False: archaea are eukaryotes
FALSE! They are prokaryotes
Produce methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide
Methanogens
what domain do methanogens fall under
archaea
require high salt concentration
Halophiles
what domain do halophiles fall under
archaea
extremely hot and acidic environments
Thermoacidophiles
what domain do Thermoacidophiles fall under
archaea
Extremely diverse collection of organisms
kingdom protista
are organisms in kingdom protista prokaryotes or eukaryotes
eukaryotes
Defined by exclusion – do not belong to any other kingdom
kingdom protista
general term for any photosynthetic protist living in water
Algae
algae falls under what
photosynthetic protista
True/False: Algae can’t form symbiotic relationships with other organisms
FALSE: They can!
Dinoflagellates fall under what
photosynthetic protista
are eukarya eukaryotes or prokaryotes
eukaryotes
4 parts of domain eukarya
kingdom protista
kingdom plantae
kingdom fungi
kingdom animalia
what organism is primarily responsible for photosynthesis on our planet
algae
True/False: Kingdom Fungi are photosynthetic and filamentous feeding structures
FALSE! They are NOT!
what do kingdom fungi lack
chitin in cell walls
two slime molds(don’t live in dirt - recycle things on the surface) in kingdom fungi
plasmodial
cellular
feeding stage of plasmodial
plasmodium
where do fungi recycle things
in the dirt/ground
are plants multi or unicellular
multicellular
photosynthetics autotrophs fall under
kingdom plantae
where do most plantae live
on land
seedless, nonvascular plants
bryophytes
Most closely related to vascular plants
mosses
- Lobed “leaves”
- Most closely related to ancestral land plants
liverworts
– Smallest group
– Named for shape of sporophyte
hornworts
Seedless vascular plants
Ferns and allies
- Have xylem and phloem that allow for true roots, stems, and leaves
- Permits life in drier habitats
- Xylem’s thick cell walls support larger plants
- Well-developed cuticle and stomata to minimize water loss
Ferns and allies
– Largest group – Fronds – leaves – Rhizomes – underground stems – Remains form coal deposits
True ferns
– Lycopods
– Club mosses and spike mosses
– Not bryophytes
club mosses
– 1 living genus Equisetum
horsetails
– Simple plants
– Most have no obvious leaves
whisk ferns
Seed plants live and reproduce in drier habitats – Pollen grains produce sperm cells – don’t need free water – Seed – young sporophyte packaged with food supply in tough outer coat - means naked seed – seeds not enclosed in fruits
Gymnosperms
– Pine trees
– Needlelike or scalelike leaves
– Produce egg cells and pollen in cones
conifers
– Primarily tropical or subtropical
– Palmlike leaves
– Large cones
cycads
– Only one living species
– Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo
– Most distinctive/bizarre seed plants
– Ephedra, Welwitschia
Gnetophytes
- Flowering plants
- Flowers are reproductive structures that produce pollen and egg cells
- Flower parts develop into fruit containing seeds
- Flowers and fruits help disperse pollen and seeds
Angiosperms
– Dual organism
– Fungus harbors green algae or cyanobacteria
– Photosynthetic partner contributes food
– Fungus absorbs essential minerals
– Important ecologically
– Survive extreme environmental conditions
– Can use lichens to monitor air quality
Lichen
chemoheterotrophic, sexually-reproducing eukaryotes
animals
Animals have two tissues that differ from other multicellular eukaryotes
- muscle
- nervous
– Animals without
backbones
Invertebrates
– Animals with backbones
Vertebrates
where do humans belong
chordates
True/False: chordates consist of vertebrates and invertebrates
True
True/False: humans have the greatest advantage because of our muscle and nervous tissue
True
5 Prezygotic barriers
ecological/habitat temporal isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation
physical barrier
ecological/habitat
not everything is on the same cycle (ex. trees releasing pollin)
temporal isolation
(only applies to animal kingdom) harmony is wrong (ex. frogs with different mating cells)
behavioral isolation
physiology of mating organs is incompatible with each other
mechanical isolation
gamete proteins not compatible
gametic isolation
3 postzygotic barriers (hybrids)
Hybrid inviability: dies before sexual maturity
Hybrid infertility
Hybrid breakdown
offspring doesn’t come to maturity = incompatibility
born, but doesn’t reach sexual maturity
Hybrid inviability
get viable offspring, but is steril (horse and donkey)
Hybrid infertility
H x D
= mule x mule
= mule - doesn’t go past this point
Hybrid breakdown
