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Biology 1010 > Lecture 14 - Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

any one of 2^23 possible
sperm can unite with any one of 2^23 possible sperm for 70 trillion unique combinations (crossing over contributes more variability)

A

random fertilization

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2
Q

2 homologs exchange genetic material resulting in new gene combinations

A

crossing over

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3
Q

what part of meiosis does crossing over take place

A

Prophase 1

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4
Q

when are all possible combinations equally probable

A

random alignment of chromosome pairs in Metaphase 1

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5
Q

what kind of DNA replication is meiosis

A

single

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6
Q

in meiosis human cells are….

A

diploid

  • 2 full sets of chromosomes
  • 1 set from each parent
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7
Q

most body cells do not participate directly in reproduction

A

somatic cells

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8
Q

specialized cells to produce gametes (eggs and sperm)

A

germ cells

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9
Q

are eggs and sperm haploid or diploid

A

haploid

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10
Q

gametes fuse at fertilization to produce…

A

new diploid zygote

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11
Q

different versions of same gene

A

alleles

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12
Q

cytokinesis only effects ______ gametes

A

male

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13
Q

states of meiosis

A

Meiosis 1

Meiosis 2

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14
Q

stages of Meiosis 1

A

Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1

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15
Q

stages of Meiosis 2

A

Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2

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16
Q

produces haploid nulcei

A

Meiosis 2

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17
Q

where genetic recombination occurs

A

Meiosis 1

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18
Q

reduces #’s of chromosomes by half (shuffling of genetic info)

A

Meiosis 1

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19
Q

when do cells become haploid

A

Anaphase 1

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20
Q

when, because of crossing over, are the cells not the same

A

Anaphase 2

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21
Q

the egg won’t finish anaphase 2 and telophase 2 until it…

A

is fertilized with the sperm

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22
Q

why is it unnecessary for the female eggs to undergo cytokinesis

A

instead of going through cytokinesis, it just throws one egg out

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23
Q

chromosomes fail to separate at 1st or 2nd meiotic division = gamete with extra or missing chromosome

A

nondisjunstion

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24
Q

gamete with extra chromosome

A

trisomy

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25
Q

gamete with missing chromosome

A

monosomy

26
Q

most embryos with incorrect chromosome numbers…

A

cease developing

27
Q

which causes fewer problems, trisomy or monosomy

A

trisomy

28
Q

increasing woman’s age, _______ likelihood of trisomy

A

increases

29
Q

difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids

A

homologous:

  • same gene types, different versions(alleles)
  • come from different parents (2, get 1 from each parent)
  • have the exact same amount of genetic information = same size, # nucleotides, types of genes

sister chromatids
- exact copies of each other that come about through semiconservative DNA replication (interphase)

30
Q

more than or equal to 1 complete set of extra chromosomes

A

polyploidy

31
Q

when does mitotic spindle pull on either side

A

metaphase 1

32
Q

single zygote

A

monozygote

33
Q

2 separate zygotes

A

dizygotic

34
Q

when does meiosis begin in males

A

puberty

35
Q

when does meiosis begin in females

A

before they’re even born

36
Q

True/False: ultimately, gonads are the only cells that undergo meiosis

A

True

37
Q

why do problems with nondisjunction occur earlier in females than males

A

because of the age of their cells….females cells begin meiosis before they’re born and males begin meiosis at puberty

38
Q

difference between homologous chromosomes

A

the alleles

39
Q

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring

A

crossing over

40
Q

states that the alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed

A

independent assortment

41
Q

NOT genetic recombination, its when a mistake happens

A

Nondisjunction

42
Q

when does crossing over occur

A

prophase 1

43
Q

when does independent assortment occur

A

metaphase 1

44
Q

when does nondisjunction occur

A

anaphase 1 or 2

45
Q

when homologous pairs of chromosome errors exchange equal amounts of genetic info(alleles) and recombine what alleles they have

A

crossing over

46
Q

how the homologous pairs line up along the middle

- depends randomly what side they line up on = mixes and matches all homologous chromosomes your parents gave you

A

independent assortment

47
Q

failure of homologous chromosomes(anaphase 1) or sister chromatids(anaphse 2) to separate from each other

A

nondisjunction

48
Q

three types of genetic recombination that occur in sexual reproduction

A
  • crossing over
  • independent assortment
  • fertilization
49
Q

when sperm and egg fertilize each other

A

type of genetic recombination

50
Q

when does fertilization in females occur

A

right in the middle of meiosis 2

51
Q

fertilization in males occur

A

after meiosis 2, it has to finish before sperm can mature

52
Q

difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

A

monozygotic:
- have to be same sex
- genetics = exact same

dizygotic:
- 2 separate fertilization events

53
Q

when either homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate = 1 more or 1 less chromosome

A

nondisjunction

  • most of the time = fatal
54
Q

most common form of autosomal nondisjunction

A

trisomy nondisjunction/down syndrom

55
Q

which of the following are examples of trisomy in the autosomes

  • kleinfelter syndrome
  • down syndrome
  • triple x syndrome
  • turner syndrome
A

down syndrome

56
Q

True/False: nondisjunction is most common in sex cells

A

True

57
Q

the only monosomy nondisjunction that we’ve seen to have 1% survival rate

A

turner syndrome

58
Q

True/False: you can survive without an ‘“x” chromosome

A

FALSE! You have to have an x chromosome to live

59
Q 
which of the following is not an example of nondisjunction?
-
-
-
- barbody
A

barbody = x chromosome inactivaton

60
Q

True/False: After meiosis 1 cells are already haploid

A

True

Biology 1010 (18 decks)

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