Lecture 6 Flashcards
What three plates are formed in an embryo? And wat layer will become the brain and spinal cord?
- Endoderm layer
- Mesoderm Layer
- Ectoderm layer
- the ectoderm layer will form the brain and spinal cord
What happens in the ventricular zone during development (4 steps)?
- Radial Glial Cells in the ventricular zone extend outward
- The Cajar-Retzius C-R cells place themselves ate the Pia Mater, which is at the outside
- Neurons climb along the Radial Glia and form 6 layers.
- The C-R cells are pushed outward during this process.
What happens in symmetric and asymmetric cell division?
- In symmetric cell division Progenitor cells duplicate
- In Asymmetric Cell division The cell divides into one progenitor cell and one Radial Cell/C-R cell/Nerve Cell.
What is synaptic pruning?
Synaptic connections that are not used eventually disappear.
What can you also call the:
1. Forebrain (2)
2. Hypothalamus and Thalamus
3. Midbrain
4. Little Brain (2)
5. Extended Marrow (2)
- And what mnemonic can you use?
- Telencephalon or cerebrum
- Diencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Metencephalon or cerebellum
- Myencephalon or medulla oblongata
- TelDieMesMetMy
Where in the spine is the spinal cord?
It is in the holes of the spine disks and it reaches to the middle of the abdomen
Where are the Sensory and Motor nerves located? And on what side?
- Motor cell somas are located in the spinal cord and on the Ventral Side.
- Sensory Cell somas are located in the ganglion near the spinal cord and are located on the dorsal side.
What are the layers that protect the spinal cord and what are the layers that protect the brain?
- Spinal Cord: Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Dura Mater
- Brain: Pia Mater Subarachnoid Space, Arachnoid Space and Dura Mater
Where are the following terms when talking about neuroanatomy of the brain: Caudal, Dorsal, Ventral, Neuraxis, Rostral, Posterior, Anterior, medial, lateral
- Caudal is towards the back (cerebellum) of the brain
- Dorsal is towards the top of the brain
- Ventral is towards the bottom of the brain.
- Neuraxis is a horizontal line trough the middle of the brain.
- Rostral is towards the from (frontal lobe) of the brain.
- Posterior is towards the back (cerebellum) of the brain.
- Anterior is towards the front (frontal lobe) of the brain.
- medial is towards the middle (subcortical) of the brain.
- Ventral is toward the outside (cortical) of the brain.
What is decussation and where does it happen? What is this connection called?
- Decussation is the crossing of connections from the left to the right.
- It happens in the Caudal Medulla
- It is called contralateral instead of Ipsilateral.
What are the 12 cranial nerves:
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. auditory
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Spinal Accessory
12. HYppoglossal
- Smell, Afferent
- Vision, Afferent
- Eye muscle, Efferent
- Eye muscle, Efferent
- Jaw/Face, Efferent/Afferent
- Eye muscle, Efferent
- Face/Taste. Efferent/Afferent
- Hearing/Balance, Afferent
- Throat/Taste, Efferent/Afferent
- Internal Organs, Afferent and Efferent
- Neck, Efferent
- Tongue, Efferent.
What is de Cerebellum mostly involved in (2)
- Motor Control for Balance
- Motor Control for Timing (motor plan)
What functions doe the Thalamus and Hypothalamus have?
- The Thalamus is the relay station for information towards the cortex
- The Hypothalamus is in control of the autonomic nervous system, The 4F’s for survival and hormone secretion.
What are the 4F’s for survival?
- Survival-Fighting
- Feeding
- Fleeing
- Mating
What 5 regions make up the basal ganglia? And name one of the functions and what is interesting about it?
- Putamen (+ caudate nucleus = striatum)
- Globus Pallidus
- Caudate Nucleus
- Substantia nigra
- Subthalamic Nicleus
- One of the functions is Motor-Gating to block or allow movement.
- Tourettes is an example of impaired motor-gating.
- it is spread across the body rather than in one location.
Where is the Amygdala Located?
- At the tip of the Caudate.
What two regions do these sulci split: Central Sulcus, Parieto-occipito sulcus, Lateral Sulcus/Sylvian Fissure?
- The Frontal Lobe and Parietal Lobe
- The Occipital Lobe and the Parietal Lobe
- The Temporal Lobe and Frontal Lobe.
What side of the central suclu are the Somatosensory and Motor cortex on?
- The Somatosensory is on the caudal side
- The Motor cortices are on the rostral side
What is another name for the Cingiculate Gyrus/cortex? And what the 4 parts?
- It is the Limbic Cortex located beneath the Other cortexes.
- the four parts are: Amygdala, Hypothalamus, thalamus and Hippocampus.
What is the insular cortex?
Part of the cortex that is folded inwards.
What is the function of Sensory and Motor Association cortices?
- Sensory association cortices combine information from the senses and do different stages of processing.
- Motor association cortex is for planning movement.
What is the ventricle system
- The Two Lateral Ventricles
- The Third ventricle
- The Fourth Ventricle, connected by the cerebral aqueduct
How does Cerebrospinal Circulation go(3)?
- Each ventricle have a Choroid Plexus, where cerebrospinal fluid is made out of blood
- There is an opening in the subarachnoid space to allow CSF into this space.
- This is where it is taken up by the blood again.
How does cerebrospinal fluid help the brain(2)?
- reduces weight
- Absorbs shocks
What does the Principal Fissure split?
The left and right hemisphere
What is the Simon effect in picking up objects? How do affordances interact with this effect?
- When an object is presented on the left side and you have to make a button press on the left side, this is faster than if object and Button are on opposite sides.
- This is because a stimulus on a specific side activated the corresponding hand
- If an object has affordances of how to pick it up this will affect the activated response side..
What did Umilta et al study about mirror neurons? When where mirror neurons most active and why was this the case?
- The monkeys were shown a researcher grasping or just reaching for an object and this was either with or without a screen blocking the action.
- Mirror neurons were most active when a researcher grasped something without a screen to block it.
- This is because the goal of the movement is very important for these neurons and they also have to see the movement.
What are some physiological responses to fear?
Sweating
More bloodflow
High heart rate
Low metabolism
More energy consumption
