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BioCog psychology > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What three plates are formed in an embryo? And wat layer will become the brain and spinal cord?

A
  1. Endoderm layer
  2. Mesoderm Layer
  3. Ectoderm layer
    - the ectoderm layer will form the brain and spinal cord
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2
Q

What happens in the ventricular zone during development (4 steps)?

A
  1. Radial Glial Cells in the ventricular zone extend outward
  2. The Cajar-Retzius C-R cells place themselves ate the Pia Mater, which is at the outside
  3. Neurons climb along the Radial Glia and form 6 layers.
  4. The C-R cells are pushed outward during this process.
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3
Q

What happens in symmetric and asymmetric cell division?

A
  • In symmetric cell division Progenitor cells duplicate
  • In Asymmetric Cell division The cell divides into one progenitor cell and one Radial Cell/C-R cell/Nerve Cell.
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4
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Synaptic connections that are not used eventually disappear.

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5
Q

What can you also call the:
1. Forebrain (2)
2. Hypothalamus and Thalamus
3. Midbrain
4. Little Brain (2)
5. Extended Marrow (2)
- And what mnemonic can you use?

A
  1. Telencephalon or cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon or cerebellum
  5. Myencephalon or medulla oblongata
    - TelDieMesMetMy
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6
Q

Where in the spine is the spinal cord?

A

It is in the holes of the spine disks and it reaches to the middle of the abdomen

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7
Q

Where are the Sensory and Motor nerves located? And on what side?

A
  • Motor cell somas are located in the spinal cord and on the Ventral Side.
  • Sensory Cell somas are located in the ganglion near the spinal cord and are located on the dorsal side.
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8
Q

What are the layers that protect the spinal cord and what are the layers that protect the brain?

A
  • Spinal Cord: Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Dura Mater
  • Brain: Pia Mater Subarachnoid Space, Arachnoid Space and Dura Mater
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9
Q

Where are the following terms when talking about neuroanatomy of the brain: Caudal, Dorsal, Ventral, Neuraxis, Rostral, Posterior, Anterior, medial, lateral

A
  • Caudal is towards the back (cerebellum) of the brain
  • Dorsal is towards the top of the brain
  • Ventral is towards the bottom of the brain.
  • Neuraxis is a horizontal line trough the middle of the brain.
  • Rostral is towards the from (frontal lobe) of the brain.
  • Posterior is towards the back (cerebellum) of the brain.
  • Anterior is towards the front (frontal lobe) of the brain.
  • medial is towards the middle (subcortical) of the brain.
  • Ventral is toward the outside (cortical) of the brain.
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10
Q

What is decussation and where does it happen? What is this connection called?

A
  • Decussation is the crossing of connections from the left to the right.
  • It happens in the Caudal Medulla
  • It is called contralateral instead of Ipsilateral.
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11
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves:
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. auditory
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Spinal Accessory
12. HYppoglossal

A
  1. Smell, Afferent
  2. Vision, Afferent
  3. Eye muscle, Efferent
  4. Eye muscle, Efferent
  5. Jaw/Face, Efferent/Afferent
  6. Eye muscle, Efferent
  7. Face/Taste. Efferent/Afferent
  8. Hearing/Balance, Afferent
  9. Throat/Taste, Efferent/Afferent
  10. Internal Organs, Afferent and Efferent
  11. Neck, Efferent
  12. Tongue, Efferent.
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12
Q

What is de Cerebellum mostly involved in (2)

A
  1. Motor Control for Balance
  2. Motor Control for Timing (motor plan)
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13
Q

What functions doe the Thalamus and Hypothalamus have?

A
  • The Thalamus is the relay station for information towards the cortex
  • The Hypothalamus is in control of the autonomic nervous system, The 4F’s for survival and hormone secretion.
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14
Q

What are the 4F’s for survival?

A
  1. Survival-Fighting
  2. Feeding
  3. Fleeing
  4. Mating
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15
Q

What 5 regions make up the basal ganglia? And name one of the functions and what is interesting about it?

A
  1. Putamen (+ caudate nucleus = striatum)
  2. Globus Pallidus
  3. Caudate Nucleus
  4. Substantia nigra
  5. Subthalamic Nicleus
    - One of the functions is Motor-Gating to block or allow movement.
    - Tourettes is an example of impaired motor-gating.
    - it is spread across the body rather than in one location.
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16
Q

Where is the Amygdala Located?

A
  • At the tip of the Caudate.
17
Q

What two regions do these sulci split: Central Sulcus, Parieto-occipito sulcus, Lateral Sulcus/Sylvian Fissure?

A
  1. The Frontal Lobe and Parietal Lobe
  2. The Occipital Lobe and the Parietal Lobe
  3. The Temporal Lobe and Frontal Lobe.
18
Q

What side of the central suclu are the Somatosensory and Motor cortex on?

A
  • The Somatosensory is on the caudal side
  • The Motor cortices are on the rostral side
19
Q

What is another name for the Cingiculate Gyrus/cortex? And what the 4 parts?

A
  • It is the Limbic Cortex located beneath the Other cortexes.
  • the four parts are: Amygdala, Hypothalamus, thalamus and Hippocampus.
20
Q

What is the insular cortex?

A

Part of the cortex that is folded inwards.

21
Q

What is the function of Sensory and Motor Association cortices?

A
  • Sensory association cortices combine information from the senses and do different stages of processing.
  • Motor association cortex is for planning movement.
22
Q

What is the ventricle system

A
  1. The Two Lateral Ventricles
  2. The Third ventricle
  3. The Fourth Ventricle, connected by the cerebral aqueduct
23
Q

How does Cerebrospinal Circulation go(3)?

A
  • Each ventricle have a Choroid Plexus, where cerebrospinal fluid is made out of blood
  • There is an opening in the subarachnoid space to allow CSF into this space.
  • This is where it is taken up by the blood again.
24
Q

How does cerebrospinal fluid help the brain(2)?

A
  • reduces weight
  • Absorbs shocks
25
Q

What does the Principal Fissure split?

A

The left and right hemisphere

26
Q

What is the Simon effect in picking up objects? How do affordances interact with this effect?

A
  • When an object is presented on the left side and you have to make a button press on the left side, this is faster than if object and Button are on opposite sides.
  • This is because a stimulus on a specific side activated the corresponding hand
  • If an object has affordances of how to pick it up this will affect the activated response side..
27
Q

What did Umilta et al study about mirror neurons? When where mirror neurons most active and why was this the case?

A
  • The monkeys were shown a researcher grasping or just reaching for an object and this was either with or without a screen blocking the action.
  • Mirror neurons were most active when a researcher grasped something without a screen to block it.
  • This is because the goal of the movement is very important for these neurons and they also have to see the movement.
28
Q

What are some physiological responses to fear?

A

Sweating
More bloodflow
High heart rate
Low metabolism
More energy consumption

BioCog psychology (13 decks)

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