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BioCog psychology > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What waves and what hz in each sleep stage (including wakefulness)

A
  • Wakefulness has Alpha (8-12hz) and beta (13-30hz) waves
    1. Stage 1 has theta (3.5-8hz) waves
    2. Stage 2 has sudden sleep spindles (12-14hz) with high activity and K-cpmplexes
    3. Stage 3/4 has delta (<3.5Hz) waves.
    4. REM has theta (3.5-8Hz) waves and beta (13-30Hz) waves
  • Then you return to stage 1/2
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2
Q

What location activates visual images in REM sleep? What happens when woken up(2)? Why can you not think rationally? What kind of dreams?

A
  • LGN in the thalamus
  • Woken up by meaningful stimuli
  • When woken up you are alert and remember the dream
  • No rational thinking due to reduced activity in fontal lobe
  • Adventure-like, Narrative-like dreams
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3
Q

What happens to outside stimuli in stage 3/4 sleep? What happens when you wake up(2)? What particular kind of sleep usually happens here?

A
  • All outside stimuli (also meaningful ones) are suppressed.
  • When you wake up you are fussy and probably cannot remember the dream
  • This is when nightmares happen. Because It has very emotional dreams.
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4
Q

What do astrocytes to during slow wave sleep and what do they do when energy is running out?

A
  • Astrocytes build up the sugar supply for providing brain cells with energy.
  • Astorcytes signal nerve cells to stop firing (adenosine) to preserve energy when the sugar supply is running low
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4
Q

What are 4/5 symptoms of sleep deprivation?

A
  • Loss of thermoregulation (lower body regulation)
  • Increased metabolism to increase temperature
  • Severe weight loss
  • Immune system disruption
  • Death
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5
Q

What is the difference in the kind of learning between Slow wave and REM sleep

A
  • Declarative learning in Slow Wave Sleep
  • Non-Declarative learning in REM sleep
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6
Q

What are 3 functions of REM sleep

A
  1. Short moment of alertness to be aware of dangers
  2. Related to brain development (more REM sleep in children)
  3. Learning of non-declarative things.
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7
Q

What are the 4 (+5th) wakefulness neurotransmitter systems and how do they keep you awake?

A
  • Acetylcholine From Brain stem and Forebrain in pons to all brain regions
  • Serotonin: From Ralph nuclei in pons to all brain regions.
  • Norepinephrine: From Locus Coeruleus in pons to all brain regions
  • Histamine: From Tuberomammilary nucleus in the hypothalamus to all brain regions
  • Orexin: From lateral Hypothalamus to the arousal systems do increase wakefulness
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8
Q

What is the Flip-Flop system of sleep and what is the Sleep region called? How does Orexin stabilize the system? How does adenosine interact with this?

A
  • The Ventrolateral preoptic area VLPOA inhibits the arousal systems to make you fall asleep
  • But the arousal systems can also inhibit the Ventrolateral preoptic area to not fall asleep.
  • Orexin stabilizes the system by activating arousal systems when you want to stay awake (impaired in narcolepsy patients)
  • Adenosine increases the activity in the Ventrolateral Preoptic area VLPOA to increase sleep.
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9
Q

How does the Flip-Flow system of REM sleep work?

A
  • The SLD activates REM sleep
  • the vlPAG inhibits REM sleep
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10
Q

How does the SLD (REM-ON) activate REM behaviors? What is muscle weakness called?

A
  • It activates the system to increase genital activity
  • It activates a system to activate the brain through acetylcholine and activate Rapid Eye Movements.
  • It activates a system in the spinal cord to inhibit motor neurons so you cannot move the muscles (atonia)
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11
Q

How do the two flip-flop systems interact? What other region connects to the REM-ON system?

A
  1. If the vlPOA wins from the arousal system, you fall asleep
  2. It then starts inhibiting the Orixinergic neurons and vlPAG (REM-OFF) neurons.
  3. Eventually the vlPAG is so inhibited that the SLD wins and activates REM sleep.
    - The Amygdala also controls the SLD (REM-ON system)
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12
Q

What kinds of sleep disorders are there for slow wave sleep (3) REM sleep (1) and Instable flip-flop?

A
  • Slow wave sleep has somnambulism, bedwetting and nightmares
  • REM sleep has REM sleep Behavior disorder (acting out dreams)
  • Instable Flip-Flop has NArcolepsy.
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13
Q

What are 4 symptoms of Narcolepsy

A
  1. Sleep attacks: sudden need to sleep
  2. Cataplexia is sudden atonia (paralyzation) during wakefulness and mostly in high arousal
  3. Pre and Post sleep paralysis: atonia just before and after falling asleep
  4. Hypnagogic hallucinations: sleeping just before or after falling asleep
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14
Q

When and why does cataplexia activate?

A
  • When you become aroused/emotional, the flip-flop systems thinks you have entered REM sleep and paralyzes the muscles (atonia).
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15
Q

Where is the Internal Biological clock located and what is the Zeitgeber? What are 4 other zeitgebers?

A
  • It is located in the Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus
  • It synchronizes to light (zeitgeber), and it is actually 25 hours without light.
  • There are also other Zeitgebers like sound, temperature, social interactions and your eating pattern.
16
Q

What happens when your remove and replace the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)?

A
  • When remove it, the biological clock stops working
  • When you replace it, it returns
  • It is a biological process that keeps ticking independently by a chemical system
17
Q

How do Suprachiasmatic nucleus cells (biological clock) work?

A

how it works:

  1. The cell produces proteins and fires a lot
  2. The proteins enter the cell and inhibits the gene that causes its own production. The cell stops firing
  3. The protein concentration decreases and the cell starts making proteins again. The cell becomes more active
    - Takes about 25 hours.
    - They communicate to become synchronized.
18
Q

How does the seasonal rhythm work(3)? Where is melatonin produced?

A
  • Melatonin is produced in the pineal gland (epifyse) (above the cerebellum)
  • Less Melatonin is produced if there is more light
  • Melatonin increases sleepiness and reduces testosterone.

BioCog psychology (13 decks)

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