Lecture 5

Question 1

what is the relation between attention and firing rate in later processes

Answer 1

• Paying attention results in a higher firing rate in later, more complex cognitive processing stages.

Question 2

What is specificity coding?

Answer 2

Any given object is represented by one individual neuron.

Question 3

What is distributed coding/population coding? What is the upside of this?

Answer 3

• An object is represented by a particular pattern of a POPULATION OF NEURONS
• It allows for more encoding with the same amount of neurons as specificity encoding

Question 4

What is sparse coding?

Answer 4

An object is represented by a particular pattern of activity in a PORTION OF NEURONS(a portion of the population of neurons)

Question 5

What are neural networks/connectionist models (3)?

Answer 5

• computer models after the way a brain works
• Nodes represent neurons and are connected to each other.
• Each node has a certain weight and this determines the outcome

Question 6

What is error back propagation?

Answer 6

• A system calculates the error of the response by a neural network and relays this to the neural network
• The neural network then adjusts the weights of the nodes to get a better response.

Question 7

What is predictive coding (3)?

Answer 7

• You make predictions based on experience.
• Neural processes build a model of what is expected based on the current context/situation
• the model is updated when it is very wrong

Question 8

What are prediction units and prediction error units?

Answer 8

• prediction units build a prediction of what the input into the system is likely going to be, which helps you prepare for it.
• Prediction error units compares the actual input to the predicted input

Question 9

What experiment did Kok de Lange do with prediction units?

Answer 9

• He made a scenario where there was a predictive cue and this could be correct or false
• He then measured the activity of prediction units and prediction error units.

Question 10

What is de delayed match-to sample task by Chelazzi(3)? What does it show about neural activity?

Answer 10

1. Monkeys are shown a predictive cue.
2. the cue disappears and there is a blank moment
3. Then two objects appear and the monkeys have to move their eyes to the object that was the predicted cue.
   - The single cell recording of a neuron that becomes active by the predictive cue, shows that it will stay active in the blank perdiod to get ready for the period where the monkey has to move its eyes.