Lecture 17 Flashcards
Why is language a lateralized function and how do you measure it using WADA, TMS or Neuroimaging
- It is lateralized because the Left hemisphere is dominant
- With WADA and TMS you disrupt one brain region and determine if speech is impaired.
- With neuro-imaging you measure what hemisphere is most active during speech.
- Usually they do several methods to measure it.
What is the Wernicke-Geschwind Model for speaking(5) and Reading(6)? What pathways go from Wernicke’s to Broca’s
- you hear the sound of someone speaking or read the words on paper
- If you read it you retrieve the sounds of the words
- The sounds travel to wernicke’s where the meaning is processed.
- One pathway (Acuate Fasciculus) conveys sound and the other conveys meaning.
- Broca’s plans the motor movements and processes the correct grammar.
- This is sent to the Motor cortex for producing the movements.
What are Pure Word Deafness, Transcortical Sensory Aphasia, Wernicke’s Aphasia (3) And Anomic Aphasia?
- PWD is when you can process sound normally but you cannot process sounds into language because the connection between auditory cortex and Wernicke’s is broken. Only for sounds and not reading.
- TSA is when you cannot acces word meaning because the word dictionary is broken.
- Wernicke’s aphasia is when you cannot recognize that something is word, know the meaning of words and convert thoughts into words.
- Anomic Aphasia is when your memory of words is damaged so you cannot find words sometimes.
What are Conduction Aphasia, Broca’s Aphasia (2) And Apraxia of speech?
- Conduction aphasia is when the Arcuate fisciculus is broken and you cannot send sounds of words to Broca’s
- Broca’s Aphasia is when you have problems with planning speech motor movements and trouble with producing the right grammar
- Apraxia of speech is when the motor cortex is damaged and cannot activate the right motor movements for speech.
why do you sometimes not remember a specific category of words if you have Anomic Aphasia (Anomia)? And what is Averbia? And Autopagnosia?
- Different parts of the brain store the meaning of different categories of words like tools, persons and animals.
- Adverbia is when you don’t know verbs anymore because of damage to Broca’s
- Autopagnosia is when you cannot name your body parts because of damage to the Left-Parietal lobe
What is the Role of the Arcuate Fasciculus (Wernicke’s ––> Broca’s) in working memory?
- To repeat words in your head so you can keep it in working memory is done by keeping the Arcuate Fasciculus active with the words.
- Phonological Loop
What part of Language understanding can be damaged in Broca’s Aphasia
- Sometimes patients know the individual words, but they do not understand their relation to each other.
- In “The Horse Kicks The Cow” it is hard to know for them who kicks who.
What is Whole Word Recognition vs Letter Recognition? What is phonetic coding?
- Whole word recognition is when you recognize the entire word sound simultaneously (you instantly know the phonetic information)
- Letter recognition is when you recognize each letter of a word consecutively and then determine the sound of the word. (phonetic coding)
What Happens in Surface Dyslexia? What happens in Phonological Dyslexia?
In Surface dyslexia You have no Whole-Word recognition so you have to individually process the sound of each letter and combine it.
- This is hard when the sound of a letter is irregular, like in pint.
- In Phonological Dyslexia you cannot sound out individual letters but only Whole-Word Recognition.
- So you only know how words sound if they are stored in memory.
What does the Visual Word Form Area VWFA do?
- Specialized in recognizing words.
What is Direct Dyslexia?
- You know how a word you read sounds and read it aloud. But you cannot couple it to the meaning of the word (strongly related to Wernicke’s aphasia)
What are Orthographic Dysgraphia and Phonological Dysgraphia? What is the “dyslexia” version of them?
- Orthographic Dysgraphia is when you no longer know what words should “look” like (whole-word recognition) but you only know the sounds of individual letters (like surface dyslexia)
- Phonological Dysgraphia is when you only know how words in memory should look like, but you don’t know how individual letters sound (like Phonological Dyslexia).
