Lecture 16 Flashcards
What are proactive and retroactive interference
- proactive is when new memories are harder to remember because of interference from old memories
- retroactive interference is when old memories are harder to remember because of new memories.
What did Underwood find about proactive/retroactive interference if there is more information before or after the critical information
- If there is more competing information shown, then it is harder to remember the critical information.
- This goes for both proactive and retroactive interference
What is retrieval induced interference/forgetting?
What 3 theories explain this?
- If you retrieve one thing from the category of fruit (“Banana”) this impair your ability to retrieve another thing (“apple”)
- So if you retrieve one item from a category, the others become harder to retrieve
Because:
1. You are blocking the retrieval of B-C, when you retrieve A-C a lot.
2. You are unlearning the connection between B and C because of learning A-C
3. You are suppressing B by retrieving A-C. So not the connection (B-C) but the entire B representation in your mind is being repressed.
What did Bower And Winzes study about paired associate learning? What did it show about imagery for memory?
- One group had to imagine the associated words they had to learn
- The other group had to learn the words’ associations by repeating them
- The results showed better memory for imagery
What is the standard model of consolidation(2) (systems consolidation)? What is the consolidation process of the hippocampus (2). What does hippocampus do to achieve this.
- Memories are fragile until they become consolidated
- The memory becomes organized in different brain regions.
1. First the Hippocampus connects the information to different brain regions.
2. But after consolidation, the brain regions become connected and no longer ned the hippocampus. - This is because the hippocampus activates these regions at the same time (“fire together, wire together”)
How does Brain Damage Amnesia (retrograde) show that consolidation takes place and makes the memory stronger?
- Memories closer to the event of the brain damage are more likely to become lost because they are not consolidated.
Why is consolation better during sleep? What is the difference between Down-state and Up-state Slow Wave sleep? Where are spindles and ripples created?
- During Sleep, there is no interference from external stimuli
- During Up-state SWS, the cortex is excitable and influenced by other brain region.
- The other brain regions replay the memory to consolidate it. This is due to signals from the hippocampus (ripples) and thalamus (spindles)
- During Down-state SWS, the cortex is not excitable. The Hippocampus and Thalamus do not send ripples and spindles during this period.
What is systems reconsolidation (3 things)
- Memories that are retrieved into working memory become active in the hippocampus and cortex.
- The memory is now vulnerable to become changed
- It also needs to be reconsolidated to be stored again.
How did Hupbach et al study reconsolidating using reminders? What where the 3 groups and what where the results? What group had the most intrusions?
- The interference control group only had a memory set on day 1.
- The No Reminder group received a memory set on day 1 and Day 2
- The Reminder Group received a memory set on day 1 and day 2. However, they were first reminded of the memory set of day 1.
- The reminder group had the worst memory of the items on day 1 and they had a lot of intrusions from the memory set of day 2.
What is the difference between mood congruent and mood dependent memory?
- mood congruent memories are more likely to be remembered if they correspond yo your current mood. (both during encoding and retrieval) (you mostly remember happy things in a happy mood)
- Mood Dependent: memories retrieval is best when mood at retrieval is the same as mood during encoding. (the remembered material itself is not emotional!)
How did Sharon and Yonelinas study that emotional material is better remembered than non-emotional material using images(4 steps)? What was the result (2) between day 1 and 2? How about the complexity and color task recall?
- Subjects where shown negative and neutral pictures.
- For each photo they rated the color or complexity
- The next day they did the same task with new pictures
- 5 minutes later they had to suddenly to a memory task by saying if a picture was familiar or new to them and if they had rated complexity or color
- In Items from day 2 , there was no difference between the emotional and negative images
- In items from day 1, The negative images where remembered better.
- However, there was no difference in knowing what task was being done (complexity or color).
What is the Medial Temporal Lobe model (3 steps)? (includes hippocampus, perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex)
- The Personal Cortex processes item information from “what pathway”
- Parahippocampal cortex processes contextual information from “where pathway”
- This information is combined in the hippocampus
What is the Emotional Binding Model? How does the amygdala affect learning
- The Amygdala Activates the Hippocampus and Pariehinal Cortex (item processing) when processing emotional stimuli
- This results in the fact that the item itself is better remembered than the context.
