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BioCog psychology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is axosomatic contact?

A

When the terminal buttons connect to the soma rather than the dendrites

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2
Q

How does docking of vesicles happen?

A
  • Vesicles have proteins in their membrane that connect with Ca2+ channels on the terminal button’s membrane
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3
Q

What happens in exocytosis (3 steps)?

A
  1. The action potential leads to voltage-dependent calcium channels opening and calcium streaming into the terminal buttons
  2. Then the Ca2+ binds to the vesicles and causes them to fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
  3. This causes them to open and release their neurotransmitters into the synapse. (fusion pore)
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4
Q

What are the two kinds of ion receptors?

A
  • ionotropic receptors are not very powerful, but very quick. They are directly attached to the ion channel and open when they are bonded with a ligand.
  • Metabotropic receptors are more powerful but less quick. They cost a lot of metabolism (energy). It activates G-protein when bonded to and alpha subunit breaks off and activates enzymes that activate second messengers. It can open several channels at once.
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5
Q

What inotropic receptor does glutamate, GABA and Acetylcholine bind to?

A
  • Glutamate binds with inotropic receptors that are connected to Na+ channels
  • GABA binds with inotropic receptors that are connected to Cl- channels.
  • Acetylcholine binds with Ionotropic receptors that are connected to Na+ channels
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6
Q

What are the functions of Acetylcholine(3)?

A
  1. it is important for learning and memory
  2. It is important for having visions appear
  3. It is important for making muscles contract.
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7
Q

What two things can postsynaptic Second Messengers do?

A
  1. Open postsynaptic ion channels
  2. Travel to the nucleus and making changes there.
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8
Q

What are EPSP and IPSP ion flows?

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic potentials

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9
Q

What are autoreceptors, What two things do they do?

A
  • they are presynaptic metabotropic receptors that detect neurotransmitters in the synapse.
    1. They activate second messengers that activate reuptake transporters
    2. They activate second messengers that close calcium channels
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10
Q

How does spatial/neural integration decide whether there is an action potential?

A

Spatial integration is the sum of all IPSPs and EPSPs, either crossing or not crossing the excitation threshold.

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11
Q

What is esterase and transferase

A

They are enzymes
- esterase breaks chemicals down into its parts
- Transferase combines parts into a chemical, like neurotransmitters

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11
Q

How does the patella reflex work(5 steps)? Why is it a monosynaptic reflex

A

A monosynaptic reflex only affects one synapse (without interneurons)
1. A hammer hits the knee
2. This makes the muscle stretch
3. Receptors on the muscle detect this.
4. A signal is sent to the sensory cells on the dorsal side of the spinal cord
5. It activates the motor cells on the ventral side that make the muscles contract

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12
Q

What are monoamine neurotransmitters.

A

They have one NH2 amine-groups attached

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13
Q

What are catecholamines (and 3 examples).

A
  • They have a catechol attached
    1. Dopamine (reinforcement and motor-gating)
    2. Norepinephrine (FFFS)
    3. Epinephrine (FFFS)
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14
Q

What are indolamines (and one example)

A
  • Indolamines have an indole attached.
    1. Serotonin enhances the mood.
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15
Q

Name three Amino Acid neurotransmitters and their functions

A
  1. Glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter that also is important for learning and memory
  2. Glycine is the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord.
  3. GABA is the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
16
Q

What are neuromodulators that travel trough the brain?

A

They are chemicals that travel trough the brain and either hyperpolarize or depolarize neurons a bit to make them more or less sensitive.

17
Q

What kind of neuromodulators are hormones and name two examples

A
  • They are peptides
    1. Vasopressine increases aggression
    2. Oxytocine increases bonding
18
Q

What does neuromodulator Adenosine do? What drug inhibits it?

A
  • It builds up during the day and suppresses neuron firing, leading to sleepiness.
  • Caffeine inhibits it, leading to less tiredness
  • it reduces during the night.
19
Q

What are competitive and noncompetitive binding in drugs?

A
  • Competitive binding is when the drug is a Direct Agonist or Antagonist by binding with the one binding sites and mimicking the NT or blocking the channel.
  • Noncompetitive binding is when the drug binds with one of several binding sites and increases or decreases how easily a receptor responds to neurotransmitters.
20
Q

There are 11 drug mechanisms. Name the 6 Agonistic ones

A
  1. Drug that serves as a precursor to make a neurotransmitter
  2. Drug that stimulates the opening of vesicles
  3. Drug that stimulates the postsynaptic receptor (by directly binding to it)
  4. Drug that blocks autoreceptors
  5. Drug that blocks terminal membrane transporters
  6. Drug that deactivates Acetylcholinesterase enzyme (so it is not broken down)
21
Q

There are 11 drug mechanisms. Name the 5 antagonistic ones

A
  1. Drug deactivates synthetic enzymes (so no neurotransmitters are made)
  2. Drug inhibits storing of neurotransmitters in vesicles (deactivates vesicle transporters)
  3. Drug prevents opening of vesicles
  4. Drug blocks postsynaptic receptors directly (by binding to it)
  5. Drug stimulates the autoreceptors
22
Q

What is the difference between small and large vesicles?

A

Large vesicles contain peptides neuromodulators and small vesicles contain neurotransmitters.

23
Q

What are the three release types of vesicles?

A
  1. Release-ready vesicles that are already docked. (Mostly do kiss and run)
  2. Recycling pool (mostly do kiss and recycle)
  3. Reserve pool
24
Q

What is the difference between the recycle pool and release-ready vesicles in terms of what happens after they release neurotransmitters

A
  • Release-ready vesicles return into the terminal button and get refilled
  • Recycle pool vesicles bind with the membrane and new vesicles are formed out of membrane. This is called endocytosis
25
Q

What does Acetylcholinesterase do to AchE?

A

It breaks it down into Choline and Acetate.

26
Q

How does a gap junction in dendritic synapses change the potential

A

The gap junction allows ions to move between the two neurons, changing the membrane potential.

27
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells with special receptors to receive hormones.

28
Q

What is the difference between neurotransmitter and Drug Ligands?

A
  • neurotransmitters are endogenous and produced inside the body
  • Drugs are exogenous and produced outside of the body.
29
Q

What are vesicle transporters?

A

They put neurotransmitters into the vesicles

30
Q

What are terminal membrane transporters?

A

They are the uptake transporters that take neurotransmitters out of the synapse

31
Q

What neurotransmitter is reduced to create a seizure

A

GABA normally inhibits. If this isn’t working, all neurons eventually start firing

32
Q

What neurotransmitter is made in the following areas: Locus Coeruleus, Nigostriatal system, Raphe Nuclei, Pons, Basal Forebrain, Mesolimbic system, Medial septum, Soccortical system

A
  • Dopamine: Nigostriatal system, Mesolimbic system, Soccortical system
  • Acetylcholine: Pons, Basal Forebrain, Medial Septum
  • Serotonin: Raphe Nuclei
  • Norepinephrine: locus Coeruleus
33
Q

What is: “merge and recycle” “kiss and run” and “Bulk Endocytosis”?

A
  • Merge and recycle is when the vesicle becomes one with the terminal membrane and then pinches off.
  • Kiss and run is when the vesicle releases NT and then returns back to the intracellular space to be refilled
  • Bulk Endocytosis is when parts of the presynaptic membrane fold inwards to form new vesicles.
34
Q

What do the following neuromodulators do: Peptides(hormones/endogenous opioids), Lipids (cannabis, Anandamids), Nucleosides (adenosine) and Gasses(Nitric Oxide)

A
  • Peptides to Mood and Pain perception
  • Lipids do Bonding (by producing oxytocin) and pain perception
  • Nucleosides like Adenosine do control of sleep
  • Gasses like Nitric Oxide do Learning and Blood Vessel Dilation (by relaxing smooth muscle)
35
Q

What is a catalyst (enzyme)?

A

An enzyme accelerates chemical reactions. and is not affected by the reaction itself.

36
Q

What are the two subcategories of monoamines and what neurotransmitters are of this kind?

A

Catecholamines:
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine

Indolamines:
- Serotonin

37
Q

WHat are: Tryptophan, Histidine, dopamine precursors for?

A
  • Tryptophan for For Serotonin
  • Histidine for Histamine
  • Dopamine for Norepinephrine
38
Q
A

BioCog psychology (13 decks)

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