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BioCog psychology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ionic and covalent bonding?

A
  • Ionic bonding is when Plus attracts minus and so elements bond
  • Covalent bonding is when elements have a shortage of electrons and they share tem.
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2
Q

What are protons and electrons?

A
  • protons are at the center of the molecule and are positive
  • Electrons are on spheres around the protons and are negative
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3
Q

How is H2O connected?

A

2 Hydrogen atoms bind with 1 oxygen atoms because they both want more electrons at their outer spheres

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4
Q

What are the three elemental parts of amino acid?

A
  1. There is N-H2 (nitrogen with 2 hydrogen)
  2. And a C-O-O with two oxygen.
  3. There is also a part that can differ to make different kinds.
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5
Q

What is a protein?

A

A long chain of many amino acids

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6
Q

What is a peptide?

A

A short chain of few amino acids. It is a neuromodulator

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7
Q

What elements are lipids made of and how do they interact with water?

A
  • Long carbon chains with hydrogen attached
  • They are hydrophobic
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8
Q

What is a phospholipid (3)?

A
  • A lipid with carbon and hydrogen is attached to a head of phosphate
  • The negative phosphate is attracted to positive water, this creates this creates a circle
  • the cell membrane is made of phospholipids.
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9
Q

What are the following parts of a Cell Soma: Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes and microtubule.

A
  • The nucleus holds the DNA, which can be copied to mRNA
  • The Endoplasmic reticulum is where mRNA is synthesized by ribosomes
  • Golgi apparatus is where neurotransmitters are put into vesicles
  • Mitochondria produce ATP which is the energy source
    Lyosomes remove waste
  • Microtubule are the railways for axoplasmic transport.
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10
Q

What are Kinesin and Dynein?

A

for axoplasmic transport
- Kinesin transport vesicles from the soma to the terminal buttons (anterograde)
- Dynein transports vesicles from the terminal buttons to the soma (retrograde)

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11
Q

What do microglia do (2)?

A

Small glial cells that:
- Defend against harmful bacteria
- Remove dead cells

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12
Q

What are the macroglia and their functions?

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes: make myelin sheath in the CNS with arms
  2. Schwann Cells make myelin sheath in the PNS with their body
  3. Astrocytes give neurons structure, insulate synaptic clefts and transfer glucose out of the blood-brain barrier
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13
Q

What are diffusion and electrostatic force?

A
  • Diffusion means elements travel from high density to low density
  • Electrostatic force means elements are attracted to opposite charge (+><-)
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14
Q

How are Ion channels formed?

A

Two proteins fit together to become a pore and go into the membrane.

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15
Q

What are the two intracellular elements?

A
  • A- are proteins produced by the cell, they cannot leave
  • K+ are potassium that is forced in by electrostatic pressure and diffused out. Sometimes it manages to leave
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16
Q

What are the extracellular elements?

A
  • Cl- is forced in by diffusion and out by electrostatic force
  • Na+ is forced in by electrostatic charge and diffusion. Sometimes it manages to enter.
17
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do? How does it get the energy?

A
  • It takes 3 Na+ out of the cell and takes 2 K+ into the cell. It uses ATP for energy
18
Q

What are the 6 steps of an action potential

A
  1. Depolarization is when Na+ channels open because they are voltage-dependent
  2. K+ channels open later due to different voltage-dependent opening
  3. Absolute refractory period is when the Na+ channels are locked closed
  4. Repolarization happens because the potassium channels stay open and K+ flows out
  5. Hyperpolarization is reached when the potassium channels close
  6. Rebalancing happens by the sodium-potassium pump. back to resting potential
19
Q

What happens to produce the domino effect in action potential conduction (2) and what is the downside of generating action potentials?

A
  1. The action potential in one place generates an action potential in a close-by place
  2. The domino effect is due to absolute refraction
    - Active Conduction costs a lot of energy to keep generating action potentials.
20
Q

What is saltatory conduction and why is it better than passive and active conduction (2)? And what is decremental conduction

A
  • a combination of passive (decremental) conduction within the myelinated area’s and activd conduction by regeneration in the nodes of Ranvier
  • It is faster and more efficient
21
Q

What are sensory afferent neurons and motorneurons and interneurons?

A
  • Affarent neurons carry information from the senses to the brain
  • Motorneurons carry information from the brain to the musles
  • Interneurons fascilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons
22
Q

What are local and relay neurons?

A
  • Local neurons form connections with nearby neurons and analyze information
  • Relay neurons connect local neurons from one part of the brain with neurons from another part
23
Q

Where does the action potential start? Why?

A

At the Axon Hillhook because it has more sodium ion channels

24
Q

What is white matter and grey matter made of?

A
  • White matter is made of bundels of myelinated axons.
  • Grey matter is made up of soma’s
25
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The “bones” of the neuron, including microtubule.

26
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

It is the fluid that fills the inside of the cell.

27
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Astrocyte or micro glial cells engulf a dead neuron and digest it.

28
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A wall that only permits some substances.

29
Q

What is strange about the Area Postrema?

A
  • It has a weaker blood-brain barrier, allowing more substances in to check them for toxins.
30
Q

What are the 4 Ions we work with for membrane potentials?

A
  1. A- proteins created by the cell
  2. Cl- chloride outside the cell
  3. Na+ sodium outside the cell
  4. K+ potassium inside the cell
31
Q

What is the rate-law?

A

The intensity of the stimulus decides the firing rate of the neuron.

32
Q
A

BioCog psychology (13 decks)

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