Lecture 5 Into To Anatomy

Question 1

Mesenchyme

Answer 1

Tissue that all bones develop from embryonic connective tissue

Question 2

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 2

1 step process

• a mesenchymal model for the bine that forms during the embryonic period, the bone forms by direct ossification of the mesenchyme model

Mesenchyme —-> bone

Question 3

Endochondral ossification

Answer 3

Occurs in 2 steps

A cartilage model of the bone forms from mesenchyme during fetal period, most of the cartilage is subsequently replaced by bine tissue

Mesenchyme ——-> cartilage ———> bone

Question 4

Endochondral ossification

Answer 4

Occurs in 2 steps

A cartilage model of the bone forms from mesenchyme during fetal period, most of the cartilage is subsequently replaced by bine tissue

Mesenchyme ——-> cartilage ———> bone

Question 5

What are the 5 steps of endochondral ossification

Answer 5

1 - mesenchymal cells differ into chondroblasts (cartilage forming cells to form the cartilaginous model of the bone

2 - in the mid regions the cartilage calcifies, and capillaries grow into the calcified cartilage of the model. The shaft of the bone ossified from the primary ossification center is the diaphysis of the bone

3 - secondary ossification centers appear in other parts developing bone, cartilage is replaced by bone, these new parents of bone are called epiphyses

4 - the diaphysis and epiphyses do not fuse together until adulthood. The growing part of the long bone is called the epiphysial plate which is the growth plate

5 - when adulthood is reached the growth plate is replaced by bone tissue and the diaphysis and epiphysial plate fuse together and the line is called epiphysial line

Question 6

Articulation (joint)

Answer 6

Junction between one or more bones, cartilage to cartilage, or bone and cartilage

Question 7

Fibrous joint

Answer 7

Contain no joint cavity (space between bones) and have articulating bones held together by fibrous connective tissues

Question 8

Suture

Joint?

Answer 8

Fibrous joint

Found in the cranium. Very hurt lengths is fibrous tissue between the bones to be held close together.

Allows no movement

Question 9

Syndesmosis

Joint?

Answer 9

Fibrous joint

Bones united using a sheet (strap) of fibrous tissue. Either a ligament or a fibrous membrane.

Allows slight movement - the fibrous tissue holding the ulnar and radius together.

Question 10

Gomphosis

Joint?

Answer 10

Fibrous joint

Between the root of the tooth and the socket of the jaw bone. Peg like process held into the socket but short length of bib rods tissue

Allows no movement

Question 11

3 structures of fibrous joints?

Answer 11

Suture

Syndesmosis

Gomphosis

Question 12

Cartilaginous joints and the two subtypes

Answer 12

Contain no joint cavity and have articulating bones held together by cartilage

Synchondrosis and symphysis

Question 13

Synchodrosis

Answer 13

Uniting cartilage of hyaline cartilage found between the epiphysis and diaphysis of the growin bone - temporary and allows no movement

Question 14

Symphysis

Answer 14

Uniting cartilage of fibrocartilage allows for slight movement

Like out intervertebral discs in out back

Question 15

Synovial joints

Answer 15

Articulating bone suited y a joint (articular) capsule that is composed of outer fibrous layer lines by a serous membrane called synovial membrane.

Joint capsule spans and encloses a fluid filled spaced called joint cavity
- this joint cavity contains synovial fluid
- allow free movement between articulating bones
- some synovial joints have distinguishing features like us having the articular disk (meniscus)

Question 16

Plane joints

Answer 16

Limited sliding or gliding in one plane

Opposed surfaces if the bones are flat or almost flat with tight joint capsules. They permit limited gliding or sliding movements

Most intercarpal joints between writs bones and intercarsal joins between ankle bones

Question 17

Hinge joints

Answer 17

Thin layer joint capsules

Movement occurs with laterally placed collateral ligaments that don’t allow movement in other planes.
They allow flexion and extension

Elbow joint

Question 18

Saddle joint

Answer 18

Articular surfaces shaped like a saddle

Allow adduction and abduction as well as flexion and extension. Movements occur around two axes at right angles of each other

Joint at base of thumb

Question 19

Condyloid joints

Answer 19

Allow flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction. Movement in one plane is usually greater than the other

Knuckle joints in fingers

Question 20

Ball and socket joints

Answer 20

Bone moves within socket of another

Allow flexion extension. Abduction and adduction, medial rotation and lateral rotation

Hip joint

Question 21

Pivot joints

Answer 21

Rounded process of bone that rotates within a sleeve or ring. Allow rotation around a central axis

Shaking head no

Question 22

Synarthrosis

Answer 22

Joint allowing NO movement

Suture joints of the skull

Question 23

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 23

Joint allowing SLIGHT movement

Intervertebral disc

Question 24

Diarthrosis and the three subclasses

Answer 24

Joint allowing FREE movement

1 - uniaxial
2 - biaxial
3 - multi axial (triaxial)

Question 25

Uniaxial

Answer 25

Allow movement only in one plane around a single axis

• elbow

Question 26

Biaxial

Answer 26

Allow movement in two planes

-knuckle joint

Question 27

Biaxial

Answer 27

Allow movement in two planes
- knuckle

Question 28

Multiaxial

Answer 28

Allow movement in multiple planes around multiple axis

Shoulder and hip joints

Question 29

Articular arteries

Answer 29

Where joints receive blood from that often anastomose (communicate) to form networks

Joints are richly innervated by nerves that transmit sensations of pain pruprioceptation

Question 30

Hilton law

Answer 30

States that the nerves supplying a joint also supply muscles moving the joint.