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IMMUNOLOGY > Lecture 5: Innate Immune Sytem > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Innate Immune Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

proteins of innate immunity recognize _______ common to many pathogens

A

patterns

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2
Q

local effects of inflammation

A
  • heat
  • redness
  • pain
  • swelling
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3
Q

clinical tests for inflammation test for ?

A

acute phase proteins
- the tests can indicate the presence of inflammation but not the etiology

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4
Q

physical barriers of the innate immune system

A
  • skin
  • epithelium
  • cilia
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5
Q

molecular/chemical barriers of the innate immune system

A

lysozymes (tears, saliva, milk, GI mucus)

defensins, cathelicidins (antimicrobial peptides)

lactoferrin

lactoperoxidase

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6
Q

function of lysozymes in innate defense

A

destroys bacterial cell walls

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7
Q

function of Defensins, cathelicidins in innate defense

A

destroy microbial cell membranes

antimicrobial

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8
Q

function of lactoferrin in innate defense

A

sequesters iron

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9
Q

function of lactoperoxidase in innate defense

A

generate ROS

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10
Q

what is the role of non-cellular barriers to pathogen invasion

A

they protect all exposed surfaces

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11
Q

what is Latherin

A

protein in horse sweat that causes evaporative cooling and inhibits microbes

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12
Q

identify these physical barriers (A,B,C)

A

A: skin (keratinized squamous epithelium)

B: Mucus membrane (non-keratinized squamous epithelium)

C: GI tract (columnar epithelium)

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13
Q

what are the innate immune cells (cellular barriers)

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • NK cells
  • eosinophils
  • basophils and mast cells
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14
Q

innate immune cells that are primarily of myeloid lineage BUT can come from lymphoid precursors too

A

dendritic cells

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15
Q

subpopulations of dendritic cells are identified by their?

A

surface molecules

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16
Q

what are the professional antigen-presenting cells

A
  • dendritic
  • macrophages
  • B-cells
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17
Q

what is the function of dendritic cells

A

they are professional antigen-presenting cells

T-cell activation (takes place in lymph node)

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18
Q

what 2 populations of classical dendritic cells (cDCs) activate helper T-cells

A

cDC1 and cDC 2

cDC1 - promote type I responses by producing IL-12 and activating Th1 cells

cDC2 - promote type II responses by producing IL-6 and IL-23, activating Th2 and Th17

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19
Q

what cell type links the innate and adaptive immune system

A

dendritic cells

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20
Q

macrophages are part of what system?

A

reticuloendothelial system (RES)

  • destruction of foreign substances
  • clean up dying/apoptotic or abnormal self cells/tissues
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21
Q

what are macrophages derived from

A

monocytes

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22
Q

what are the differentiations of macrophages in tissues

A

PIMPS - alveolar macrophages
Kupffer cells - liver
Peritoneal macrophages - abdominal cavity in peritoneal fluid
Microglia - CNS
splenic macrophages - white pulp of spleen

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23
Q

what structural feature of macrophages demonstrates the cells’ ability to synthesize lots of proteins

A

the presence of a rough ER

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24
Q

What are the 2 main functions of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
– engulf foreign material/debris
– break down via lysosomal enzymes

Antigen Presentation
– uptake of an antigen
– processing of antigen
– presenting of antigen to T-cells

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25
what is cellular input / output
cellular input: surface receptors cellular output: cytokines and chemokines
26
what are the 3 main functions of neutrophils?
Degranulation Phagocytosis NETS (DNA expelled)
27
4 steps in phagocytosis
1. chemotaxis 2. adherence 3. ingestion 4. destruction
28
what do NK cells kill
- stressed cells - cells lacking MHC-I - Ab coated cells - infected cells, tumor cells
29
NK cells activate macrophages via ____?
IFN-y
30
what are the two ways NK cell activation occurs
- loss of MHC-I on a target cell - expression of stress-related protein on target cell
31
what are DAMPs
Damage (Danger) Associated Molecular Pattern - endogenous indicators of cell damage or stress = alarmins
32
what do PRR (pattern recognition receptors) recognize
PAMPs and DAMPs
33
PAMPs that signal through NOD-like receptors (NLR) generate what
multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes
34
what are inflammasomes and what is their function
A multi-protein complex that can form in cells such as macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli (e.g. PAMPs and DAMPs) Function: catalyze the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1B and IL-18
35
what are some known DAMPs
**Serum amyloid A -HMGB1 -S100 proteins - spliceosome-associated protein 130 -DNA - ATP - uric acid
36
what does activation of an inflammasome require
a PAMP and DAMP
37
what does activation of an inflammasome indicate
that microbial invasion and cellular damage have occurred
38
what pro-inflammatory cytokines do sentinel cells produce?
IL-1B and IL-18
39
innate response occur via?
pattern recognition receptors
40
what are the 3 ways macrophages can be activated
*** Innate activation** -- responds to TLR activation * **Classical activation** -- become M1 cells by exposure to microbial products and subsequent exposure to Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ) ***Alternative activation** -- when exposed to Th2 cells, they become M2
41
what are the major sickness inducing cytokines?
IL-1 IL-6 TNF-alpha HMGB1
42
what types of cells secrete cytokines
sentinel cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages
43
sickness symptoms caused by the hypothalamus
fever, anorexia, sleepiness, depression
44
sickness symptoms caused by the liver
increased synthesis of acute-phase proteins iron sequestration
45
sickness symptoms caused by the bone marrow
increased white cell production
46
what changes might be seen on a CBC in response to inflammation (sickness)
- neutrophilia - neutropenia - changes to iron parameters - "anemia of chronic diseases"
47
what are the main responses caused by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines
local vasodilation acute-phase response endothelial cell activation monocyte, neutrophil and dendritic cell activation
48
SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) results from?
the overexpression of multiple cytokines
49
what is one of the main shock oragns
kidney
50
what things occur from innate immunity that result in fever
increased NK cells (Cytotoxicity) respiratory burst release of neutrophils from bone marrow
51
what things occur from adaptive immunity that result in fever
an upregulation of T-cells increased maturation of dendritic cells increased release of macrophages, phagocytosis, NO, TLR2, TLR4, MHC I and II
52
normal microbiota can out-compete pathogens by...
preventing bacteria from adhering to surface of GI cells
53
where does T-cell activation take place?
lymph nodes
54
CD71 is a surface receptor that binds?
transferrin iron sequestration
55
TLR2 and TLR4 are surface receptors that bind?
PAMPs (result from damaged cell tissue)
56
CD25 is a surface receptor that binds?
interleukin 2
57
what does Th17 make?
IL-17 whose function is to be a neutrophil chemoattractant
58
what is the role of IL-6?
promotes B cell differentiation stimulates acute phase responses
59
endotoxin would be considered a ?
PAMP
60
example of a DAMP
serum amyloid A
61
What type of dendritic cell is of lymphoid origin
Plasmacytoid
62
What are the dendritic cell types from myeloid origin
Classical, follicular, langerhans
63
What is the main function of dendritic cells when they are in tissues (immature)
Antigen trapping / uptake Sentinel function
64
What is the main function of dendritic cells when they are in lymphoid organs (mature)
Antigen presentation to T cells
65
High endothelial venules permit access to which cell type?
lymphocytes

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