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IMMUNOLOGY > Lecture 5: Innate Immune Sytem > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Innate Immune Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

proteins of innate immunity recognize _______ common to many pathogens

A

patterns

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2
Q

local effects of inflammation

A
  • heat
  • redness
  • pain
  • swelling
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3
Q

clinical tests for inflammation test for ?

A

acute phase proteins
- the tests can indicate the presence of inflammation but not the etiology

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4
Q

physical barriers of the innate immune system

A
  • skin
  • epithelium
  • cilia
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5
Q

molecular/chemical barriers of the innate immune system

A

lysozymes (tears, saliva, milk, GI mucus)

defensins, cathelicidins (antimicrobial peptides)

lactoferrin

lactoperoxidase

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6
Q

function of lysozymes in innate defense

A

destroys bacterial cell walls

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7
Q

function of Defensins, cathelicidins in innate defense

A

destroy microbial cell membranes

antimicrobial

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8
Q

function of lactoferrin in innate defense

A

sequesters iron

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9
Q

function of lactoperoxidase in innate defense

A

generate ROS

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10
Q

what is the role of non-cellular barriers to pathogen invasion

A

they protect all exposed surfaces

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11
Q

what is Latherin

A

protein in horse sweat that causes evaporative cooling and inhibits microbes

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12
Q

identify these physical barriers (A,B,C)

A

A: skin (keratinized squamous epithelium)

B: Mucus membrane (non-keratinized squamous epithelium)

C: GI tract (columnar epithelium)

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13
Q

what are the innate immune cells (cellular barriers)

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • NK cells
  • eosinophils
  • basophils and mast cells
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14
Q

innate immune cells that are primarily of myeloid lineage BUT can come from lymphoid precursors too

A

dendritic cells

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15
Q

subpopulations of dendritic cells are identified by their?

A

surface molecules

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16
Q

what are the professional antigen-presenting cells

A
  • dendritic
  • macrophages
  • B-cells
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17
Q

what is the function of dendritic cells

A

they are professional antigen-presenting cells

T-cell activation (takes place in lymph node)

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18
Q

what 2 populations of classical dendritic cells (cDCs) activate helper T-cells

A

cDC1 and cDC 2

cDC1 - promote type I responses by producing IL-12 and activating Th1 cells

cDC2 - promote type II responses by producing IL-6 and IL-23, activating Th2 and Th17

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19
Q

what cell type links the innate and adaptive immune system

A

dendritic cells

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20
Q

macrophages are part of what system?

A

reticuloendothelial system (RES)

  • destruction of foreign substances
  • clean up dying/apoptotic or abnormal self cells/tissues
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21
Q

what are macrophages derived from

A

monocytes

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22
Q

what are the differentiations of macrophages in tissues

A

PIMPS - alveolar macrophages
Kupffer cells - liver
Peritoneal macrophages - abdominal cavity in peritoneal fluid
Microglia - CNS
splenic macrophages - white pulp of spleen

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23
Q

what structural feature of macrophages demonstrates the cells’ ability to synthesize lots of proteins

A

the presence of a rough ER

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24
Q

What are the 2 main functions of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
– engulf foreign material/debris
– break down via lysosomal enzymes

Antigen Presentation
– uptake of an antigen
– processing of antigen
– presenting of antigen to T-cells

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25
Q

what is cellular input / output

A

cellular input: surface receptors
cellular output: cytokines and chemokines

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26
Q

what are the 3 main functions of neutrophils?

A

Degranulation
Phagocytosis
NETS (DNA expelled)

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27
Q

4 steps in phagocytosis

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence
  3. ingestion
  4. destruction
28
Q

what do NK cells kill

A
  • stressed cells
  • cells lacking MHC-I
  • Ab coated cells
  • infected cells, tumor cells
29
Q

NK cells activate macrophages via ____?

A

IFN-y

30
Q

what are the two ways NK cell activation occurs

A
  • loss of MHC-I on a target cell
  • expression of stress-related protein on target cell
31
Q

what are DAMPs

A

Damage (Danger) Associated Molecular Pattern

  • endogenous indicators of cell damage or stress
    = alarmins
32
Q

what do PRR (pattern recognition receptors) recognize

A

PAMPs and DAMPs

33
Q

PAMPs that signal through NOD-like receptors (NLR) generate what

A

multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes

34
Q

what are inflammasomes and what is their function

A

A multi-protein complex that can form in cells such as macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli (e.g. PAMPs and DAMPs)

Function: catalyze the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1B and IL-18

35
Q

what are some known DAMPs

A

**Serum amyloid A
-HMGB1
-S100 proteins
- spliceosome-associated protein 130
-DNA
- ATP
- uric acid

36
Q

what does activation of an inflammasome require

A

a PAMP and DAMP

37
Q

what does activation of an inflammasome indicate

A

that microbial invasion and cellular damage have occurred

38
Q

what pro-inflammatory cytokines do sentinel cells produce?

A

IL-1B and IL-18

39
Q

innate response occur via?

A

pattern recognition receptors

40
Q

what are the 3 ways macrophages can be activated

A

* Innate activation
– responds to TLR activation
* Classical activation
– become M1 cells by exposure to
microbial products and subsequent exposure to Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ)
*Alternative activation
– when exposed to Th2 cells, they become M2

41
Q

what are the major sickness inducing cytokines?

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha
HMGB1

42
Q

what types of cells secrete cytokines

A

sentinel cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages

43
Q

sickness symptoms caused by the hypothalamus

A

fever, anorexia, sleepiness, depression

44
Q

sickness symptoms caused by the liver

A

increased synthesis of acute-phase proteins
iron sequestration

45
Q

sickness symptoms caused by the bone marrow

A

increased white cell production

46
Q

what changes might be seen on a CBC in response to inflammation (sickness)

A
  • neutrophilia
  • neutropenia
  • changes to iron parameters
  • “anemia of chronic diseases”
47
Q

what are the main responses caused by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

local vasodilation
acute-phase response
endothelial cell activation
monocyte, neutrophil and dendritic cell activation

48
Q

SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) results from?

A

the overexpression of multiple cytokines

49
Q

what is one of the main shock oragns

A

kidney

50
Q

what things occur from innate immunity that result in fever

A

increased NK cells (Cytotoxicity)
respiratory burst
release of neutrophils from bone marrow

51
Q

what things occur from adaptive immunity that result in fever

A

an upregulation of T-cells
increased maturation of dendritic cells
increased release of macrophages, phagocytosis, NO, TLR2, TLR4, MHC I and II

52
Q

normal microbiota can out-compete pathogens by…

A

preventing bacteria from adhering to surface of GI cells

53
Q

where does T-cell activation take place?

A

lymph nodes

54
Q

CD71 is a surface receptor that binds?

A

transferrin

iron sequestration

55
Q

TLR2 and TLR4 are surface receptors that bind?

A

PAMPs (result from damaged cell tissue)

56
Q

CD25 is a surface receptor that binds?

A

interleukin 2

57
Q

what does Th17 make?

A

IL-17 whose function is to be a neutrophil chemoattractant

58
Q

what is the role of IL-6?

A

promotes B cell differentiation
stimulates acute phase responses

59
Q

endotoxin would be considered a ?

A

PAMP

60
Q

example of a DAMP

A

serum amyloid A

61
Q

What type of dendritic cell is of lymphoid origin

A

Plasmacytoid

62
Q

What are the dendritic cell types from myeloid origin

A

Classical, follicular, langerhans

63
Q

What is the main function of dendritic cells when they are in tissues (immature)

A

Antigen trapping / uptake
Sentinel function

64
Q

What is the main function of dendritic cells when they are in lymphoid organs (mature)

A

Antigen presentation to T cells

65
Q

High endothelial venules permit access to which cell type?

A

lymphocytes

IMMUNOLOGY (26 decks)

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