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IMMUNOLOGY > Lecture 25: Tolerance and Autoimmunity II > Flashcards

Lecture 25: Tolerance and Autoimmunity II Flashcards

1
Q

does autoimmunity always create disease?

A

no

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2
Q

autoimmunity / autoimmune disease occurs upon loss of ______or_______tolerance

A

central or peripheral

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3
Q

risk for autoimmunity/autoimmune disease may be effected by…

A
  • increasing age
  • genetics+heritability
  • sex hormones
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4
Q

cryptic antigens

A

antigens previously hidden from immune system
released by tissue trauma from immune privileged sites (heart attack, infection, chronic inflammation)

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5
Q

receptor editing and molecular modifications generate new ____

A

epitopes

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6
Q

CD233 is an epitope that forms on aging RBCs and causes antibody-mediated destruction of RBCs by macrophages, what kind of autoimmunity is this

A

physiologic

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7
Q

what are rheumatoid factors? when do they occur?

A
  • autoantibodies to other immunoglobulins
  • occur when a new epitope forms in the Fc region
  • most common when immune complexes are formed

*lupus, rheumatoid arthritis

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8
Q

autoantibodies to complement

A

immunoconglutinins C3, C2, C4

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9
Q

new epitopes formed on activated complement that reflect the degree of antigenic stimulation in an individual

A

immunoconglutinins

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10
Q

a persistent _____ response in required for disease to develop

A

autoimmune

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11
Q

Autoimmune diseases are common in individuals with ______tumors

A

lymphoid

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12
Q

CD95 is involved in what

A

apoptosis of “self” T cells in thymus

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13
Q

A defect in CD95 results in…

A

release of self reactive T cells from the thymus

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14
Q

what is mircrochimerism

A
  • During pregnancy, cells travel between the mother and fetus
  • can sometimes triggen autoimmune dz
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15
Q

viruses can induce ______AD

A

Multisystemic

Reovirus

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16
Q

Bacteria can induce ______AD

A

uveitis (inflammation inside eye)

common in horses, Leptospira

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17
Q

Protozoa can induce _____AD

A

cardiomyopathy

Trypanosoma cruzi

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18
Q

3 proposed mechanisms by which infection induces AD

A
  • Molecular mimicry
  • Epitope spreading
  • bystander activation
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19
Q

molecular mimicry and bystander activation is most commonly seen with

A

viruses

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20
Q

how does molecular mimicry induced AD occur

A
  • shared epitopes on infectious agent and self antigen
  • epitope isn’t recognized on self but is recognized on pathogen and antibodies form
  • antibodies then react w/ self epitope
21
Q

How does bystander activation caused by infection induced AD occur

A

infection causes tissue destruction and massive inflammatory cascade that ‘accidentally’ causes nearby resting T cells to active and respond to new antigen

22
Q

how does epitode spreading occur

A
  • reaction initially occurs to specific pathoenic epitope
  • rxn then spreads to additional epitopes, some of which may be self
  • causes ‘runaway train’ of autoimmune disease
23
Q

milk allergy in cattle is an example of type___hypersensitivity

A

1, immediate
delayed milking causes casein into circulation –> anaphylaxis occurs

24
Q

autoimmune thyroiditis is a type____hypersensitivity

A

II, cytotoxic

25
Q

Lupus is a type____hypersensitivity

A

III immune complex

26
Q

MS and insulin dependent diabetes are type ____Hypersensitivities

A

IV, delayed

27
Q

in __________disease, the immune system attacks organs and tissues of the body

A

immune mediated

28
Q

______ is a subset of immune mediated disease in which specific antigens of the body inititate the immune response

A

autoimmune disease

29
Q

autoimmune thyroiditis is an example of what kind of AD

A

Specific to a single cell type or organ

30
Q

Example of multisystemic AD

A

lupus

31
Q

Autoimmunity against pancreas islets of Langerhans causes

A

insulin dependent DM

endocrine target

32
Q

cauda equina is…

A
  • autoimmunity against sacral and coccygeal nerves
  • target is myelin protein

Coohound paralysis in dogs

33
Q

canine version of cauda equina

A

Coonhound paralysis (similar to Guillain Barre in humans)

34
Q

examples of diseases in canines in which neural tissue is the target of autoimmunity

A
  • coonhound paralysis
  • steroid responsive meiningitis arteritis
  • necrotizing meningoencephalitis
  • degenerative myelopathy
  • cerebellar degeneration
35
Q

Equine recurrent uveitis is …

A

Autoimmunity targeted against ocular tissue
- often associated w/ high Leptospira titers (bacterial)

36
Q

Uveodermatological syndrome in canine

A

autoimmunity targets ocular tissue, affects eyes, skin and hair

37
Q

blistering diseases caused by autoimmunity targeting the skin (3)

A

pemphigus foliaceus (superficial epidermis): desmocollin 1

Pemphigus vulgaris (deep epidermis): desmoglein 3

bullous pemphigoid (basement membrane) type XVII collagen

38
Q

alopecia areata is an AD where ____ is the target

A

skin

39
Q

Bullous pemphigoid (type XVII collagen) is an AD where ____ is the target

A

basement membrane

40
Q

examples of diseases in which blood cells are the target of autoimmunity

A
  • immune mediated hemolytic anemia
  • autoimmune thrombocytopenia
41
Q

AD in which acetylcholine receptor is the target & muscle weakness is the primary clinical sign

A

myasthenia gravis

42
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis

A
  • genetic factors
  • T & B cell abnomalities
  • impaired apoptosis
  • multiple autoantibodies
43
Q

canine rheumatoid arthritis causes….

A

erosion of articular cartilage

44
Q

equine recurrent uveitis is ___cell mediated and an example of _____hypersensitivity

A

T cell mediated (Th1)
delayed (type IV)

45
Q

type of blistering disease in the superficial epidermis, desmocollin 1

A

pemphigus foliaceus

46
Q

type of blistering disease in the basement membrane, type XVII collagen

A

Bullous pemphigoid

47
Q

type of blistering disease in the deep epidermis, desmoglein 3

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

48
Q

Diabetes Mellitus and Myasthenia gravis are both what types of hypersensitivities

A

Type IV (delayed)

49
Q

autoimmune thyroiditis is what type of hypersensitivity

A

Type II (Cytotoxic)

IMMUNOLOGY (26 decks)

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