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IMMUNOLOGY > Lecture 22+23: Immunizations > Flashcards

Lecture 22+23: Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

the process of producing a state of resistance or protection from a pathogenic organism or toxic substance

A

immunization

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2
Q

passive immunization

A

ready made antibodies
provides immediate immunological protection
- does NOT activate immune system
- does NOT generate memory response
- protection is transient

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3
Q

natural passive immunizations

A
  • maternal antibodies are transferred to offspring across the placenta and or in colostrum/milk
  • goal is to protect the fetus until its own immune system is mature
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4
Q

active immunizations

A

induced production of body’s own antibodies and effector T cells as a result of exposure to pathogen or vaccine

  • repeated exposure increases antibody titers
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5
Q

artificial passive immunizations

A

antibodies come from other sources
- goal is to protect an individual from a challenge before their immune system can be activated

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6
Q

natural active immunizations

A

exposure to infectious agents results in antibody and memory T cell production

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7
Q

artificial active immunizations

A

administration of vaccines w/ antibodies
antibodies and memory T cells develop

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8
Q

what immunoglobulins are transferred from maternal antibodies to offspring in colostrum and or milk

A

Secretory IgA and IgG (and / or IgM)

  • Secretory IgA remains in the gut
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9
Q

what does it mean for neonates to be agammaglobulinemia?

A

they are dependent on antibodies absorbed into the bloodstream from maternal colostrum

  • newborns don’t have any maternal antibody protection they are immunologically naive at birth
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10
Q

If neonates don’t receive adequate colostrum, they are at a higher risk of…?

A

infection
infectious disease is a major cause of death in neonates w/ FPT.

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11
Q

How does artificial passive immunization work

A
  • serum is collected from an animal that has been hyperimmunized w/ the desired antigens
  • immunoglobulins are harvested and purified
    then given to a patient to provide immediate protection
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12
Q

Risks to consider w/ artificial passive immunizations

A

potential hypersensitivity reactions can occur
– horse antibodies are seen as non-self to canines
- may prevent patient from mounting an active immune response to the antigens

ex: tetanus antitoxin, snakebite antivenin

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13
Q

how does tetanus antitoxin work

A

it is an artificial passive immunization used to prevent and treat tetanus in animals
- the antitoxin neutralizes the toxin and confers immediate passive immunity for 1-2 weeks

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14
Q

what type of toxin is tetanus, where does it come from

A

a potent neurotoxin that inhibits muscle relaxation
- produced by Clostridium tetani

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15
Q

what is active immunity?

A

immunity that develops in response to an infection or vaccine

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16
Q

preventative vaccines are what type of immunization

A

artificial active

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17
Q

do vaccines offer sterilizing immunity

A

no, you can still get a low level of infection
vaccination means the animals is significantly less likely to experience severe disease

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18
Q

characteristics of live (infectious) vaccines

A
  • replicate in host
  • can sometimes be single dose
  • less stable, shorter shelf life
  • can potentially cause disease
  • induces better immunity
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19
Q

characteristics of non-living (non-infectious) vaccines

A
  • cannot cause disease and are stable
  • less robust immunity
  • often require multiple doses
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20
Q

what are live virulent vaccines?

A
  • relatively rare, high risk of causing disease w/ live pathogen
  • vaccination can help reduce clinical signs
  • ex: Orf Vaccine (Orf = contagious pustular dermatitis or scabby mouth common in sheep and goats)
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21
Q

live attenuated or modified live vaccines

A

contain intact, viable (living) organisms but their virulence has been reduced

they induce low-level infections and replicate but do not induce significant disease or tissue damage in immunocompetent patients

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22
Q

what is the most common type of vaccine in veterinary medicine

A

modified live vaccines

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23
Q

what is a tradition method of attenuation

A

repeated culture of the pathogen in a non-host strain so that the virus no longer grows well in original host cells

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24
Q

what are 2 examples of traditionally attenuated MLV

A

Bovine coronavirus vaccine (BCV) protects calves against enteric disease

DA2PP vaccine (protects dogs against distemper, adenovirus type 2, parainfluenza virus, and parvovirus)

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25
Q

how can CAV-2 protect against both CAV-1 and CAV-2

A

Cross protection

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26
Q

what type of immunization may have deletions or modifications of key virulence factors

A

live attenuated or modified live
ex: Aujesky’s disease vaccine has a genetic deletion of thymidine kinase (TK) or glycoprotein E (gE)

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27
Q

DIVA vaccines

A

Differentiation between Infected vs Vaccinated Animals AKA Marker vaccines

28
Q

what vaccine type allows for the differentiation b/w an infected vs vaccinated animals

A

DIVA (marker) vaccines

29
Q

Bovine coronavirus and DA2PP are examples of what type of vaccines

A

Live attenuated / modified live

30
Q

what type of vaccine is the pseudorabies (aujeszky’s disease) vaccine

A

live attenuated and a DIVA

31
Q

what type of vaccine is the Orf Vx

A

Live virulent

32
Q

what type of vaccines are Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Rabies, Equine West Nile

A

Inactivated/killed vaccines

33
Q

what type of vaccine is the tetanus toxoid vaccine

A

toxoid

34
Q

what type of vaccine is the Streptococcus equine (strangles) Vx

A

Subunit vaccine

35
Q

type of vaccine that contains parts/portions of an organism

A

subunit vaccines

36
Q

what are adjuvants

A

substances that promote antigen persistence in tissue or enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen

37
Q

what type of vaccines are DIVA Vxs

A

Live attenuated / Modified Live

38
Q

what types of vaccines often require an adjuvant to maximize effectiveness

A

Inactivated/killed Vxs

39
Q

added to Vx to augment the immune response to antigens

A

adjuvants

40
Q

How to adjuvants help the immune system respond to antigens

A

increased persistence of antigen
PRR activation
enhanced antigen uptake
increased antigen presentation to T cells
recruitment of immune cells

41
Q

what type of vaccines contain genetically engineered DNA

A

Naked (plasmid) DNA vaccines

42
Q

Melanoma therapeutic Vx for dogs is what type of Vx

A

Naked (plasmid) DNA vaccine

43
Q

what type of vx is the Recombinant FeLV vx

A

Vectored Vx

44
Q

type of vaccine in which recombinant plasmid DNA is engineered and inserted into host organism in culture

host cells synthesize recombinate proteins of interest

vaccine contains purified recombinate proteins

A

recombinant subunit Vx

45
Q

vectored Vxs don’t require what

A

adjuvants

46
Q

what type of immunization uses antitoxins/antivenins or pooled immune globulin

A

passive artificial

47
Q

where are Neonatal Fc receptors (FcRn) expressed and what do they bind

A

surface of enterocytes within the duodenum
they bind maternal IgG

48
Q

what does it mean for neonates to be agammaglobulinemic

A

they do not have any maternal antibody protection; they are immunologically naïve at birth

49
Q

what is FPT (failure of passive transfer)

A

maternal antibodies fail to cross the placenta, so newborns are immunologically naive at birth.

50
Q

Neutralizes a toxin, confers immediate passive immunity for 1-2 weeks.

A

antitoxin

passive artifical

51
Q

What kind of immunization occurs via infection with a pathogenic substance?

A

natural active

52
Q

what is the goal of recombinant vaccines

A

to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity to the antigens

53
Q

goal is to protect the fetus until its own immune system is mature, such as the transfer of maternal antibodies.

A

passive natural

54
Q

__________ vaccines are often less immunogenic and stimulate only humoral (antibody) responses. Often require the use of an ___________ to maximize the effectiveness of the immune response to the vaccine components.

A

Killed
adjuvant

55
Q

Risks of artificial passive immunization are a potential _______________ reaction occurring, and prevention of the patient from mounting an _______ immune response to antigen(s).

A

hypersensitivity
active

56
Q

Vaccines that contain parts/portions of an organism and an adjuvant. Ex) strangles vaccine in horses is a suspension of concentrated, purified M-protein from the bacterium, but no intact bacterial cells.

A

Subunit (Fractional) Vx

57
Q

Process that moves materials across a cell in a vesicle, how maternal antibodies cross the placenta

A

transcytosis

58
Q

Expressed in internal vesicles and when acidified, can bind maternal IgG

A

Neonatal Fc Receptors (FcRn)

59
Q

What type of live vaccine have pathogens that induce low-level infections and replicate, but do not induce significant disease or tissue damage in immune competent patients.

A

Live attenuated/modified

60
Q

What kind of immunization occurs via vaccination?

A

artificial active

61
Q

What type of vaccine can be composed of an antigenically-related organism to provide cross-protection?

A

modified live

62
Q

A type of recombinant vaccine that contains genetically engineered DNA.

Immunogenicity gene is inserted into a plasmid expression vector, and the vaccine contains isolated/purified recombinant plasmid DNA.

A

Naked (Plasmid) DNA Vaccines

63
Q

what are the 3 types of recombinant vaccines

A
  • Naked DNA vaccines
  • Recombinant subunit vaccines
  • Vectored vaccines
64
Q

Vaccines that contain harvested/purified recombinant protein(s) - recombinant plasmid DNA is engineered and inserted into a host in the organism in culture, then host cells synthesize the recombinant protein(s) of interest

A

recombinant subunit vaccines

65
Q
A

IMMUNOLOGY (26 decks)

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