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IMMUNOLOGY > Lecture 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

term for when the immune system loses the ability to discriminate b/w self and non-self

A

autoimmunity

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2
Q

‘self’

A

normal body constituents expressed by healthy cells

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3
Q

non-self

A

cells/molecules that the immune system doesn’t have exposure to during its maturation or doesn’t normally encounter on healthy cells

foreign cells/substances
damaged, transformed or senescent

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4
Q

pathogen

A

causes disease
evades innate immunity

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5
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

typically don’t cause disease but under the right conditions they can

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6
Q

innate immunity

A

components of the immune system that rapidly respond to non-self invaders in a non-specific way

protects us from non-pathogens

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7
Q

adaptive immunity (‘third line of defense’)

A

= acquired immunity; can be cell-mediated or humoral

  • antigen-specific responses that are highly adapted to specific pathogens
  • composed of lymphocytes
  • regulated by communication b/w innate and adaptive immune cells

at rest until a specific antigen interacts w/ their antigen receptor

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8
Q

what type of immunity develops immunological memory

A

adaptive
- memory causes improved immune response over time

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9
Q

how does innate immunity prevent microbes from establishing infection?

A

by blocking the entry of microbes by physical, mechanical, microbial or chemical methods = barrier defenses

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10
Q

barrier defenses

A

skin, chemicals on skin like oil, mucous membranes

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11
Q

skin as barrier

A

dry, acidic environment prevents growth of many bacteria, keratins discourages colonization, sloughing of skin cells removes bacteria that adheres to skin cell.

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12
Q

mucosal epithelium

A

tears, the stomach is acidic, mucous traps things in airway entrance, colon has resident microbiota, bladder sphincter keeps bacteria out of urethra, etc.

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13
Q

what prevents bacteria from accessing subcellular surfaces in mucosal epithelium

A

tight junctions

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14
Q

importance of goblet cells

A

make and secrete mucus
- mixture of glycoproteins
- prevents bacteria from reaching epithelial cell surfaces

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14
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

in respiratory track
- ciliated epithelial cells that line airways
- coated w/ mucus that traps pathogens
- cilia move mucus up and out of lungs

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15
Q

what are the cells of innate immunity

A

WBCs (phagocytic and natural killer cells)
Complement (serum proteins that trigger inflammatory response and initiate phagocytosis of bacterial cells)
Cytokines (proteins made by immune cells to coordinate attack on invading pathogens)

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16
Q

how do microorganisms gain access to cells or tissues

A

by colonizing or breaching the epithelial barrier

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17
Q

colonization of the surface can lead to…

A

infection of epithelial cells, epithelial damage allowing microbe to cross into underlying tissue

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18
Q

PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern)

A

repeating patterns of molecular structures on surface of pathogens

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19
Q

cells express ________ that recognize common microbial structures (PAMPs)

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

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20
Q

what are examples of PAMPs

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharides)
peptidoglycan
LTA (Lipotechoic acid)
Flagellin (major component of bacterial flagella)
viral RNA (dsRNA)
unmethylated CpG DNA

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21
Q

what is CpG DNA?

A

CpG = cytosine phosphate guanine

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22
Q

what is an example of pattern recognition receptors?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
**TLR4 binds to LPS
- LPS is released during bacterial cell lysis

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23
Q

Imiquimoid (Aldara TM) does what

A

enhances immune response against equine sarcoids and aural plaques by binding TLR 7/8

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24
Q

what does lysozyme break down

A

peptidoglycan

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25
Q

NADPH oxidase generates what

A

superoxide

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26
Q

what complement proteins induce pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

C3a and C5a
activated macrophages and dendritic cells
TNF, Interleukin 1 & 6 and others

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27
Q

what is the main function of cytokines

A

recruit immune cells and increase lymph flow
- lymph returns antigens and microbes to lymphoid tissues to generate adaptive immune response

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28
Q

physical signs of the inflammatory response are caused by ….

A

increased blood flow and leakage of fluid and blood proteins into tissues

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29
Q

what causes septic shock

A

bacterial infections
Septicemia = bacteria in blood stream, causes inflammatory response throughout the body

30
Q

how does septic shock lead to death

A

septicemia leads to drop in BP, lower blood flow to vital organs and organs begin to fail

31
Q

function of natural killer cells

A

induce apoptosis in infected host cells
- they store toxic granules

32
Q

a collection of soluble proteins present in blood and other body fluids, activated in response to pathogens or antibodies bound to pathogens

A

complement
- made in liver
- ‘complement’ to antibody activity

33
Q

what is an antigen

A

Antibody Generator
* foreign substances that bind B cell receptors, T cell receptors or antibodies

34
Q

when are antibodies raised for attack

A

only when specific molecules are found

35
Q

what is an epitope

A

4-16 amino acids that are recognized by the antigen binding site of an antibody

36
Q

why are adaptive immune responses specific?

A

b/c each B and T cell expresses a unique receptor on the cell surface

  • every B and T cell has surface receptors (BCR and TCR) that have an antigen-binding site specific for one epitope
37
Q

how do BCR and TCR differ

A

BCR - binds antigens of varying shapes and sizes
TCR - binds linear peptides displayed by MHC (HLA) molecules

38
Q

what T cells are responsible for expressing different versions of TCR

A

CD8 and CD4 T cells

39
Q

antibody-based immunity produced by effector B cells (plasma cells)

A

Humoral immunity
- important in defense against extracellular pathogens

40
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by ______ cells that produce their effect by _______ contact w/ target cells

A

effector T cells
direct contact

41
Q

what cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells

42
Q

what causes the activation of B and T cells

A

upon antigen recognition

43
Q

how do effector cells participate in the elimination of antigens ?

A

secretion of antibodies or through cell-mediated killing

44
Q

adaptive immunity includes what two types of immunity and what cells make them up

A

cell-mediated - T cell defense
humoral - antibody defense (B cells)

45
Q

Proteins made by immune cells to co-ordinate attack on invading pathogens

A

cytokines

46
Q

Serum proteins that trigger inflammatory response and initiate phagocytosis of bacterial cells

A

complement

47
Q

what are the 2 types of WBCs involved in the innate immune response

A

Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic)
Natural Killers

48
Q
  • Frequent sites of methylation in Mammals
  • Unmethylated in bacteria
  • Aberrant DNA methylation involved in many cancers
A

CpG

49
Q

when are lipopolysaccharides released

A

during bacterial cell lysis

50
Q

LPS binding protein (LBP) binds what

A

CD14 and ultimately TLR4

51
Q

3 pathways of complement

A

classical
alternative
lectin

**all converge at the generation of C3b from C3

52
Q

C3 convertase does what

A

it is a protease that cleaves C3 –> C3a and C3b

53
Q

C3b directly binds to pathogens leading to what

A

opsonization = tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes

54
Q

what are antibodies made by?

A

B cells
* they bind epitopes on antigens

55
Q

has to do with epitopes

types of antigens

A
  • monovalent: antigen w/ one epitope
  • multivalent: antigen w/ multiple of the SAME epitope
  • polyvalent: antigen w/ several different epitopes
56
Q

what are haptens

A

antigens that bind to antigen receptor but can’t initiate an immune response alone
* can become immunogenic if conjugated to a carrier

conjugated vaccines!

57
Q

membrane bound antibody on B cell surface

binds antigens of various shapes and sizes

A

BCR

B cell receptor

58
Q

what type of cells are effector B cells

A

plasma cells

59
Q

The first exposure to an antigen leads to development of a ________

A

primary immune response
* Results in clonal proliferation and differentiation of activated B and/or T cells into populations of effector and memory B and/or T cells
* Activation of these memory cells by the original antigen results in generation of a secondary immune response

60
Q

has to do w/ repeated exposure…

why do we vaccinate?

A

Repeated exposure to the same antigen induces a heightened
state of reactivity higher antibody titers)

61
Q

MHC Class 1 (major histocompatability complex)

A
  • made by all nucleated cells
  • presents antigens to CD8 or cytotoxic T cells
  • displays antigens from INTRACELLULAR bacteria
  • results in apoptosis of antigen presenting cells
62
Q

MHC Class II

A
  • made by APCs (antigen presenting cells) only
  • presents antigens to CD4 or helper T cells
  • displays antigens from EXTRACELLULAR sources
  • Leads to activation of macrophages, stimulation of B cells to produce antibodies
63
Q

APCs use _____ to display antigens

A

MHC molecules

64
Q

CD8 T cells AKA…

A

Cytotoxic T cells
* similar to NK cells but w/ specificity

65
Q

What do CD8 T cells do

A
  • Deliver toxic granules to infected cells
  • Can target all cells with MHC Class I molecules (All nucleated cells)
66
Q

Helper T cells AKA…

A

CD4 T cells
* help other cells activate

67
Q

function of Th1

A

activates macrophges

68
Q

function of Th2

A
  • responds to extracellular bacteria and fungi generating
    inflammatory response
69
Q

function of Th17

A

stimulate neutrophil response to extracellular bacteria and fungi

70
Q

function of Tfh

A

stimulate antibody production from B cells;
including class switching and affinity maturation

71
Q

function of Treg

A

regulates immune response

72
Q

cytokines

A
  • intercellular regulatory proteins produced by a variety of cells in response to microbes and other antigens.
  • Primarily act as autocrines or paracrines, but
    some have endocrine action.
73
Q

which class of MHC results in the apoptosis of the presenting cell

A

Class I

IMMUNOLOGY (26 decks)

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