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IMMUNOLOGY > Lecture 27: Type I Hypersensitivities > Flashcards

Lecture 27: Type I Hypersensitivities Flashcards

1
Q

hypersensitivity

A

exaggerated, innapropraiate or prolonged immune response to an antigen (or allergen)

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2
Q

2 phases of hypersensitivity

A
  • sensitization
  • effector
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3
Q

clinical manifestations of hypersensitivities plus any tissue damage that may result are due to….

A

immune response to the allergen

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4
Q

hypersensitivity reactions are recognized based on the _____ of immune response and the _____ of the target antigen

A

type, location

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5
Q

Type I hypersensitivity is ________ and mediated by _______

A

immediate, IgE

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6
Q

Type II hypersensitivity is _______ and mediated by_____or_____

A

cytotoxic, IgG or IgM

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7
Q

What is Atopy

A

inappropriate hypersecretion of IgE in response to allergens

individuals w/ atopy are atopic

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8
Q

what is the hygiene hypothesis of atopy

A

preveleance of atopic disorders increses as the environemnt becomes more hygienic (lack of microbial diversity)

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9
Q

In Type I sensitization phase, the initial exposure to allergen elicits a _____response

A

TH2

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10
Q

B-cell activation results in secretion of ______

A

IgE

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11
Q

IL____&____, secreted from effector Th2 cells induce class-switching to ______

A

IL-4 & IL-13, IgE

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12
Q

IgE binds into ______ on the surface of mast cells, causing mast cells to become sensitized

A

FcεRs

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13
Q

mature mast cells reside in _____ throughout the body

A

Connective tissue

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14
Q

are there any clinical manifestations during the sensitization phase

A

no

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15
Q

During the Effector Phase, on ____exposure to the same allergen, the allergen ______ IgE bound FcεRs on mast cells

A

repeat, crosslinks

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16
Q

Mast cell activation results in…

A
  • Release of granular contents (histamine)
  • Synthesis and release of other mediators (Lipid mediators, cytokines)
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17
Q

Granules contain preformed ______ & ________

A

histamine & proteases

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18
Q

what is the major mediator in granules

A

histamine

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19
Q

biological effects of histamine occur within ________ and is part of the ______Phase reaction

A

seconds, early phase reaction

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20
Q

biological effects of histamine include

A
  • vasodilation
  • increased vascular permeability
  • non-vasculature sm contraction
  • increased mucus secretion
21
Q

Histamine binds to _____receptors

A

H1

22
Q

_______block histamine binding to H1 receptors

A

Antihistamines

23
Q

Mast cells begin to synthesize _____ and _____ within minutes of stimulation

A

prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs)
biological effects are similar to histamine, but much more potent and longer-lasting

24
Q

corticosteroids inhibit the synthesis of ______and ______

A

PGs and LTs

prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone

25
Q

NSAIDs block the synthesis of …..

A

PGs

carprofen, meloxicam, deracoxib

26
Q

main cytokines synthesized by mast cells

A

INF and IL-6: inflammation
IL-4 & IL-13: Th2, IgE
IL-5:Eosinophils

several hours after stimulation by allergen

27
Q

cytokines are responsible for the ____phase reaction

A

late

28
Q

cytokines cause inflammatory response by recruiting and activating _______and _______

A

neutrophils & eosinophils

can cause tissue damage

29
Q

what are corticosteroids used to prevent

A

damaging inflammation caused by inflammatory cytokines

30
Q

acute, hypersensitive allergic reaction to an antigen

A

Anaphylaxis
reactions manifest differently based on location of the allergen

31
Q

localized anaphylaxis

A

local release of mediators
- clinical manifestations depend on site of allergen exposure and location of mast cell activation

32
Q

Systemic anaphylaxis

A

systemic release of mediators
- systemic clinical manifestations result from the allergen being in/spread throughout the **bloodstream **

33
Q

allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis are a result of activation of mast cells where

A

upper respiratory tract and eyes

itchy, watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose

34
Q

treatments for allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis include..

A

antihistamines and corticosteroids (also antimicrobials if infection inspected)

35
Q

allergic asthma is a result of mast cell activation where

A

lower respiratory tract causing bronchocontriction and increased mucous secretion

coughing, wheezing, open mouth breathing

36
Q

treatment for allergic asthma includes..

A

bronchodilators(fast acting)
corticosteroids (prevent late stage response)

37
Q

Atopic dermatitis and urticaria (Hives) results from mast cell activation where

A

in the skin
(complications often due to self trauma - hair loss, scaling, hyperpigmentation, secondary infections)

itchy, red, dry, inflammed skin lesions

38
Q

treatments for atopic dermatitis and urticaria include

A
  • corticosteroids
  • antihistamines
  • cyclosporine A
  • oclacitini
  • lokivetmab
39
Q

Food allergies result from activation of mast cells where…

A

GI Tract

40
Q

treat systemic anaphylaxis with ______ first

A

epinephrine
- vasoconstriction
- relaxes bronchial sm
- increases HR and BP
- inhibits mast cell degranulation

adjunctive txt include: antihistamines, corticosteroids, bronchodilators

41
Q

Intradermal skin tests observes development of _____and _____

A

wheal and flare

42
Q

immunoassays can be performed to measure total_____ or allergen-specific____levels within the serum

A

IgE, IgE

43
Q

what is allergen immunotherapy (hyposensitization therapy) and what is the goal

A

administration of increases doses of allergen
goal is to alter the immune response to the allergen

44
Q

allergen immunotherapy results in the induction of Treg cells that function to suppress what

A
  • mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
  • effector helpter T cells (esp Th2)
  • tissue inflammation and mucous production
  • inflammatory DCs
45
Q

Suppressing Th2 cells decreases _____production by B-cells and promotes_______production

A

IgE, IgG

46
Q

Type III hypersensativities are ________mediated cytotoxicity

A

immune mediated
(IgG or IgM)

47
Q

Type IV hypersensativity is _______type and ______Cell mediated

A

delayed
T-cell mediated

48
Q

mast cell activation causes the release of lipid mediators which synthesize ________ & _________

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

IMMUNOLOGY (26 decks)

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