Lecture 29: Neonatal Immunity & Immunosenescence Flashcards
occurs in aging animals, refers to a gradual deterioration of the function of the immune system
Immunosenescence
when do pigs get NK cells
not until they are several weeks old
when can eggs be vaccinated
18 days
- Marek’s disease
- Newcastle disease
- Coccidiosis
at what time in gestation are calves able to distinguish self from non-self
73 days - Rotavirus
93 days - Parvovirus
120 days -parainfluenza
at what time in gestation are foals able to demonstrate cell-mediated response
79 days
at what time in gestation does VDJ rearrangement occur in pigs
30 days
fetal puppies can reject allografts at ____ days
45
intrauterine injection of antigen into puppy fetus before ___ days can induce tolerance
42 days
opossums are completely reliant on passive immunity until they are how old
7 days
infection of fetal calf with BVD between ____-_____days causes tolerance and persistent infection
50-120 days
shedding virus
infection of cow with BVD up to _____days causes abortion
50
two forms of BVD
cytopathic
non-cytopathic *can cause persistent infection
when does mucosal disease occur
when a persistently infected animal (non-cytopathic) gets infected w/ cytopathic BVD virus
cytopathic BVD infection causes what in fetal calves
congenital abnormalities
neonatal immune responses are more often …
Th2
immunization through the passive transfer of specific antibody from an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual
Passive Immunization
transfer of immunity by the transfer of immune cells from one individual to another
adoptive transfer
active immunization
immunization by direct administration of an antigen (Vaccine)
in an epitheliochorial placenta, how many layers separate maternal and fetal blood
6
in species with epitheliochorial placenta (pigs, horses), is there any prepartum IgG transfers to foal
no, IgG comes from colostrum
in domestic species, ___ makes up 65-90% of antibody content
IgG
also IgA, IgM, IgE
in primates, what antibody is predominate in colostrum and milk
IgA
in pigs and horses, what antibody predominates in colostrum and what in milk
antibody - IgG
milk - IgA
in ruminants, what antibody predominates in colostrum and milk
IgG
does colostrum contain lymphocytes
Yes
how are colostrum antibodies absorbed
bind FcRn receptors in specialized intestinal epithelial cells, uptaken by endocytosis and delivered to blood
in pigs and horses, selective absorption of antibodies from colostrum occurs….
IgA remains at epithelium
Causes of failure of passive transfer
- poor quality colostrum
- failure of neonate to ingest or absorb colostrum
- IgG levels should be tested in foals and calves
how to treat the failure of passive transfer
banked colostrum
plasma transfusion
puppies can first be vaccinated around ______ weeks old, when maternal antibodies are least likely to interfere
6-9 weeks
foals can first be vaccinated around ___ months old, when maternal antibodies are least likely to interfere
4-5 months
T/F: neonate endogenous antibodies increase as the maternal antibodies wane
T
immunosuppression is due to disease whereas immunosenescence is the result of…
age. all components of immune system wane in effectiveness w/ age
changes that occur within both neutrophils and macrophages w/ age
decreased ability for respiratory burst
decreased ability to destroy phagocytized bacteria
what changes occur to macrophages w/ aging
- decrease in #
- decreased TLR expression
- decreased production of IL-6, TNF-alpha
- reduced response by IFN-y
what changes occur to dendritic cells w/ aging
less effective antigen presentation
decreased ability to stimulate B cells
what changes occur to NK cells w/ aging
decreased ability to destroy tumor cells
what changes occur to lymphocyte cells w/ aging
changes in CD4/CD8 ratio, usually decreased CD8
what changes occur to antibodies w/ aging
- affinity may decline
