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IMMUNOLOGY > Lecture 17+18: Introduction to Diagnostic Immunology > Flashcards

Lecture 17+18: Introduction to Diagnostic Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

antibody affinity

A

the strength of binding between an antibody recognition site and the antigenic epitope

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2
Q

antibody avidity

A

the sum of all binding affinities b/w an antibody and antigen

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3
Q

what antibody is most often used in diagnostic tests

A

IgG
(some tests target IgM for early detection)

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4
Q

what does antibody specificity depend on

A

conformational qualities and various molecular interactions that are refined through clonal selection

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5
Q

polyclonal antibodies

A

antibodies that recognize a single disease, w/ each antibody recognizing a different part of the disease

  • sensitive b/c many of them recognize a range of epitopes
  • relatively inexpensive, easy to develop
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6
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies made by identical immune cells, all clones of a single parent cell

  • specific b/c they recognize a single epitope
  • expensive but easy to mass-produce
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7
Q

what is an antigen?

A

anything capable of eliciting an immune response or otherwise being recognized by antibodies

can be: non-host proteins, host proteins, antibodies, nucleic acid, hormones, etc.

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8
Q

how can we ‘see’ antibody-antigen complexing

A

conjugation = producing an antibody with an enzyme attached
ex: horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (AP)

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9
Q

what is serology

A

antibody-antigen based diagnostic tests

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10
Q

what is sensitivity

A

detection of increasingly small concentrations of ‘x’
ability to correctly identify animals WITH a specific disease

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11
Q

what is specificity

A

detection of ‘x’ in the midst of A-Z
ability to correctly identify animals WITHOUT a specific disease

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12
Q

how to calculate sensitivity?

A

True positives / (TPs + False Negatives)

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13
Q

how to calculate specificity?

A

True negatives / (TNs + False Positives)

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14
Q

direct fluorescent antibody (FA or DFA) test

A

looks for the presence of a specific ANTIGEN in a fresh sample

won’t work if no antigen present

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15
Q

indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA)

A
  • looks for the presence of ANTIBODIES to a specific antigen in fresh samples
  • requires a secondary antibody that recognizes antibodies from your sample
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16
Q

Hemagglutination Assays

A

looks for the presence of antibodies or antigens that cause the agglutination of RBCs

  • autoantibodies commonly cause agglutination but some viruses (parvo or influence) can as well
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17
Q

Hemagglutination Inhibition Assays

A

looks for the presence of antibodies that prevent the agglutination of RBCs

  • influenza viruses may cause agglutination so you can test a patient for influenza antibodies by observing the inhibition of agglutination
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18
Q

Latex Agglutination

A

uses latex rather than RBCs to serve as a binding substrate for antibodies

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19
Q

What is Virus Neutralization

A
  • looks for the presence of virus-neutralizing antibodies in a patient sample, commonly serum or CSF
  • results are read as a titer - the minimum dilution required to prevent viral infection in cells
20
Q

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbed Assays (ELISA)

A

Looks for the presence of antigen or antibody in a sample usually blood or serum

  • one platform is the BVDV antigen capture ELISA
  • another is the SNAP test
21
Q

Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID)

A
  • looks for the presence of patient antibodies in serum, CSF, etc
  • patient antibodies and central antigen sample diffuse through an agar gel. Where they meet in the middle, Ab-Ag complexing occurs and precipitates
22
Q

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

A

requires FIXED tissues, often w/ special treatment to help exposure antigens

can be used for any antigen

23
Q

western blotting (WB)

A

separates proteins based on size on a gel
uses specific antibodies to recognize a specific antigen

24
Q

Flow Cytometry

A

cells stained w/ fluorescently labeled antibodies are recognized and sorted based on that label

  • 4 different cell populations are sorted based on the presence or absence of 2 different markers
25
Q

what are direct fluorescent antibody tests looking for

A

Viral antigen

26
Q

what is antibody titer

A

diluting a patient sample to identify the lowest dilution required to prevent CPE

27
Q

Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) testing

A

used t6o test for autoimmune dieseases

NOT specific b/c only tests for antibodies against self DNA/ self cells

identifies the presence of antibodies targeting dsDNA / ssDNA and histones

28
Q

Saline agglutination test

A

identifies AUTOantibodies directed against RBCs

29
Q

Coombs test (indirect agglutination test)

A

identifies antibodies to exogenous RBCs

  • used for blood typing for blood transfusions
30
Q

ear notch test for BVDV uses what testing methods

A

Antigen capture ELISA (ACE)
- requires fresh tissue

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
- requires FIXED tissue

31
Q

test where light absorbance is measured using a spectrometer

A

ELISA

32
Q

what test is used for blood typing

A

Coombs

33
Q

what are tests that use natural processes to detect disease?

A

PCRs (like SNAP) and antigen-antibody tests

34
Q

when can false negatives occur during disease timeline

A

after primary antigen exposure but before primary response

35
Q

when can false negative occur during disease timeline

A

after the secondary antigen response

36
Q

The fluorescent molecule and Western Blot tests are considered what 2 types of techniques (qualitative/quantitative/semi-quantitative)?

A

Qualitative and semi-qualitative

37
Q

ELISA and titer testing are considered?
(qualitative/quantitative/semi-quantitative)

A

Semi-quantitative and qualitative

38
Q

what test is used for bovine viral diarrhea disease

A

Antigen Capture ELISA (ACE)

39
Q

rabies testing utilizes what kind of test

A

Direct fluorescent antibody testing

  • requires FRESH brain
40
Q

During early stages of infection, antigen is present however if specific immunity has not yet developed, a titer test can expect to be… (high or low)?

A

low

41
Q

During very late stage of infection, viral antigens are gone, however the immune response is present and a titer test can expect to be …. (high or low)?

A

high

42
Q

what could be the reason for a high titer when there is no active infection

A

previous vaccines

43
Q

what tests could be used to test for tick-borne diseases

A

SNAP 4DX
Ehrlichia indirect fluorescent antibdoy (IFA) test

44
Q

what test can be used to test for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test

45
Q

what does a positive saline agglutination test indicate

A

anti-RBC antibodies are present in the blood = autoantibodies

46
Q

you test a cow for BVDV and the results indicate a positive ELISA ACE test but there are no antibodies against BVDV…. you conclude this cow must be?

A

persistently infected

IMMUNOLOGY (26 decks)

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