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PATHO > Lecture 5: Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Host-microorganism interactions

A

-commensalism
-mutualism
-infectious diseases
-infectious agents

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2
Q

commensalism

A

-bacteria get nutrition
-host is neither benefit nor harmed
-flora

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3
Q

mutualism

A

-both benefit

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4
Q

Viruses

A

-obligate intracellular pathogens
-capsid with genome
-cause lysis and death of cell during replication
-some latent (chicken pox)
-some cancerous (HPV cervical cancer)

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5
Q

Bacteria

A

-prokaryotic
-spherical (cocci)
-elongated (bacilli)
-helical (spirilla)

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6
Q

Types of bacteria

A

-spirochetes
-mycoplasmas
-rickettsiaceae
-chlamydiaceae

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7
Q

Spirochetes

A

-anaerobic
-lyme disease and syphilis

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8
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

-small
-no cell wall
-resistant to cell-wall antibiotics (penicillins)
-mycoplasma pneumoniae

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9
Q

Rickettsiaceae

A

-obligate intracellular pathogen
-transmitted via arthropod vectors (mites, fleas, ticks, lice)
-rocky mountain spotted fever

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10
Q

Chlamydiaceae

A

-obligate intracellular pathogen
-transmitted person-to-person contact
-chlamydia
-conjunctivitis in newborns

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11
Q

Fungi

A

-superficial vs systemic mycoses
-bacterial flora and immune system keep them in check
-opportunistic

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12
Q

superficial mycoses (dermatophytosis)

A

-ringworm, athlete’s foot, jock itch
-caused by dermatophytes whose infection is limited to cooler cutaneous surfaces

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13
Q

Systemic mycoses

A

-infections of deep tissue (rare)
-candidiasis (yeast infection)
-aspergillosis (lethal form of pneumonia)

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14
Q

Parasite types

A

-protozoa
-helminths
-parasitic arthropods

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15
Q

Protozoa

A

-unicellular
-plasmodium (malaria)
-Entamoeba histolytica and giardia (amebic dysentery)

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16
Q

Helminths

A

-wormlike parasites
-roundworms, tapeworms, flukes
-transmission primarily through ingestion of fertilized eggs or penetration of infections larval stages through skin

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17
Q

Parasitic arthropods

A

-ectoparasites: mites, lice, fleas
-may serve as vectors of other disease (fleas with plague)

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18
Q

Epidemiology

A

-study of patterns and determinants of health with goal of controlling health problems

19
Q

incidence

A

-number of new cases of diseases within defined population over defined period of time

20
Q

disease prevalence

A

number of active cases in a population

21
Q

endemic

A

-relatively stable incidence and prevalence in region

22
Q

epidemic

A

-abrupt increase in incidence of disease over endemic rates

23
Q

pandemic

A

-spread of disease beyond continental boundaries

24
Q

Modes of transmission

A

-penetration
-direct contact
-ingestion
-inhalation

25
Q

Direct contact transmission

A

-STI
-congenital infection (vertical transmission) (toxoplasmosis, rubella, herpes)

26
Q

Ingestion transmission

A

-cholera, typhoid, dysentery
-bacteria resistant to low pH of GI
-shigella and giardia
-differences in infectious dose
-bowel flora compete with pathogens

27
Q

Inhalation

A

-bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, TB
-Viruses: measels, mumps, pox, flu, cold, covid
-respiratory tract has good defense systems
-smoking and CF impair defenses

28
Q

Fomites

A

-inanimate object contaminated
-shared toys
-shared syringes

29
Q

Zoonoses

A

-disease passed from animal to humans
-HIV, rabies, plague, flu
-70% of emerging viral infections

30
Q

vector

A

-biting arthropod
-lyme disease, west nile

31
Q

nosocomial infection

A

-healthcare-associated infection

32
Q

Disease Course

A
  1. incubation period
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Acute stage
  4. Convalescent Stage
  5. Resolution stage
33
Q

Incubation period

A

-active replication
-no symptoms

34
Q

Prodromal stage

A

-initial symptomes
-nonspecific symptoms

35
Q

Acute stage

A

-max impact of infection
-inflammation and tissue damage

36
Q

Convalescent stage

A

-progressive elimination of pathogen

37
Q

Resolution stage

A

-total elimination of pathogen

38
Q

Virulence factors

A

-substances or products generated by infectious agents that enhance ability to infect
-exo vs endo toxins
-adhesion factors
-evasive and invasive factors

39
Q

Exotoxins

A

-proteins released by pathogenic bacteria
-inactivate key cellular constituents
-superantigens inducing excessive and nonspecific inflammatory responses

40
Q

superantigens

A

-bind to MHC of APC and T cell receptors
-T cells activated regardless of antigen on MHC

41
Q

Endotoxins

A

-lipids and polysaccharides
-can induce clotting, bleeding, inflammation, hypotension, and fever
-endotoxic shock

42
Q

Adhesion factors (adhesins)

A

-bind to molecules on surface of host cell
-some pathogens form mucous layer

43
Q

Evasive factors

A

-inactivate host immune system
-leukocidins form pores in cell membrane of neutrophils and macrophages
-some pathogens survive and reproduce within phogocytes after phagocytosis by neutralizing lysosome with evasive factors

44
Q

Invasive factors

A

-facilitate penetration of barriers
-pseudomonas aeruginosa collagenase breaks skin

PATHO (31 decks)

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