Lecture 1: Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

-science of interactions of chemical compounds with biological systems
-mechanisms of drug action

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

-study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
-correlation of action and effects with their chemical structure

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

-study of ADME of xenobiotics

Question 5

Nature of drugs

Answer 5

-defined by actions (agonists/antagonists)
-act on receptors (except for chemical antagonists and osmotic agents)
-endogenous drugs or xenobiotics
-includes poisons and toxins
-solid liquid or gas
-ions to larger proteins/antibodies/vaccines
-covalent, electrostatic, hydrophobic interactions
-drug shape and rational drug design for receptor specificity

Question 6

Endogenous drugs

Answer 6

-hormones
-neurotransmitters

Question 7

Drug receptor

Answer 7

-cornerstone of pharmacology
-explains how organism interacts with drug and initiates chain of biochemical events which results in observed effects

Question 8

Agonist

Answer 8

the drug whose interaction with the receptor stimulates biological response

Question 9

Pharmacodynamic Principles

Answer 9

1. D+R
2. DR complex
3. effect

Question 10

Drug binding

Answer 10

-1st step of PD principles
-orthosteric interactions
-allosteric interactions

Question 11

orthosteric interactions of drug binding

Answer 11

-agonist
-antagonist
-partial agonist
-inverse agonist

Question 12

allosteric interactions of drug binding

Answer 12

-positive (PAM)
-negative (NAM)

-activator or inhibitor

Question 13

SLIDE 15

Answer 13

16 and 17

Question 14

Inhibitors of metabolism/reuptake of endogenous ligands

Answer 14

-have drug like responses
-MAOIs and SSRIs
-MECH slide 17

Question 15

Duration of drug action

Answer 15

influenced by receptor and drug

Question 16

Purpose of drug therapy

Answer 16

-produce characteristic effects of the drug
-drug must achieve good concentrations at site of action
-achieve maximal positive effect of drug while minimizing side effects

Question 17

No drugs

Answer 17

have only one effect

Question 18

Influences on drug therapy

Answer 18

-prescribed dose
-administered dose
-concentration at site of action
-drug effects

Question 19

Drug Specificity

Answer 19

-affinity for receptor
-distribution of receptor
-multiple receptors
-enantiomers
-acute vs chronic effects

Question 20

ranitidiine vs digoxin and methotrexate

Answer 20

distribution of receptor

Question 21

amiodarone and clozapine

Answer 21

multiple target receptors

Question 22

Drugs modify

Answer 22

-cellular function
-normal physio/biochemical function of organ, tissue, cell

Question 23

Laxative drugs

Answer 23

-increase activity of GI tract
-stimulation

Question 24

general anesthetics

Answer 24

-decrease activity of cells in CNS
-depression

Question 25

No drug has a single effect

Answer 25

-usually want one effect "therapeutic effect" -unwanted side effects esp at higher doses "toxic/side effects"

Question 26

Sites of drug action

Answer 26

-Where drug acts to initiate chain of events leading to effect -intra/extracellular and on the cell surface

Question 27

Extracellular sites of drug action

Answer 27

-neutralization of excessive gastric acid by antacids -cholestyramine resin reducing cholesterol absorption

Question 28

Intracellular sites of drug action

Answer 28

-treat infection -cancer chemotherapy -hormones like estrogen

Question 29

Cell surface sites of drug action

Answer 29

-many drugs act by combining with receptors on the cell -acetylcholine, muscarinic, nicotinic receptors -Growth factors (EGF/FGF) and GF receptors -monoclonal antibodies (mABs)

Question 30

slide 28

Answer 30

slide 28