Lecture 4, part 2 Flashcards
What are the types of enhanced surveillance?
Sentinel surveillance
Syndromic surveillance
Laboratory surveillance
What is involved in sentinel surveillance?
A sample of HC providers report all cases of certain conditions
What is involved in syndromic surveillance?
Use a constellation of s/sx rather than actual dxs to monitor dz occurrence
What is involved in laboratory surveillance?
Laboratories perform genetic analysis of specimens to link infections with common sources
What is the goal of syndromic surveillance?
To provide an earlier indication of unusual increase in illnesses than traditional surveillance might (supplement to traditional surveillance systems)
Aspects of surveillance systems
Timeliness
Representative
Sensitivity
Specificity
How does timeliness play into surveillance systems?
It needs to be timely to implement effective control measures
Why does surveillance need to be representative?
To provide an accurate picture of the trend of dz (demographic, temporal, geospatial)
Do we have to capture all cases in surveillance to be representative?
No
Definition of sensitivity
Probability of a pos test given the pt has the dz
Definition of specificity
Probability of a neg test given the pt is free of dz
What is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act?
1996 legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for medical info
How does PH reporting play into HIPAA?
PH reporting is an exception
PH surveillance data are collected without pt consent and contain sensitive info
Uses other than those for which the data are specifically collected should be carefully considered
How should data be routinely analyzed?
By
Person
Place
Time
What methods are usually appropriate for data analysis?
Descriptive methods
-Frequencies, prevalence, and incidence of dz
-Visual display of data: tables and graphs
What’s the purpose of interpreting surveillance data?
Assess for deviations in patterns of dz
What if dz occurrence varies between ppl?
Infer some cause of dz is present in one person and absent in another
What if dz occurrence varies between places?
Infer some cause of dz is present in one location and absent in another
What if dz occurrence varies over time?
Infer some cause of the dz must also be changing during that time period
What should always be considered when interpreting surveillance data?
The possibility of an artifactual explanation for changes
-Changes in dz definition, dx, reporting, surveillance activities, and public awareness over time
Definition of artifactual
An inaccurate observation, effect, or results, especially one resulting from the tech used in scientific ix or from experimental error
Who are the key stakeholders that need to be informed of surveillance data?
Medical communities, including HCPs and lab directors
Program planners, school boards, local gov’ts, and other relevant decision makers
What are the types of data reports and updates?
Weekly, monthly, annual
News briefings
What are the links of surveillance to PH action?
ID, investigation, and control of OBs
Community planning
Eval of prevention/control measures
Generating hypotheses
Providing historical data
At one point in the natural hx of dz would screening programs be used?
Before sx occur
