Lecture 4, part 2

Question 1

What are the types of enhanced surveillance?

Answer 1

Sentinel surveillance
Syndromic surveillance
Laboratory surveillance

Question 2

What is involved in sentinel surveillance?

Answer 2

A sample of HC providers report all cases of certain conditions

Question 3

What is involved in syndromic surveillance?

Answer 3

Use a constellation of s/sx rather than actual dxs to monitor dz occurrence

Question 4

What is involved in laboratory surveillance?

Answer 4

Laboratories perform genetic analysis of specimens to link infections with common sources

Question 5

What is the goal of syndromic surveillance?

Answer 5

To provide an earlier indication of unusual increase in illnesses than traditional surveillance might (supplement to traditional surveillance systems)

Question 6

Aspects of surveillance systems

Answer 6

Timeliness
Representative
Sensitivity
Specificity

Question 7

How does timeliness play into surveillance systems?

Answer 7

It needs to be timely to implement effective control measures

Question 8

Why does surveillance need to be representative?

Answer 8

To provide an accurate picture of the trend of dz (demographic, temporal, geospatial)

Question 9

Do we have to capture all cases in surveillance to be representative?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

Definition of sensitivity

Answer 10

Probability of a pos test given the pt has the dz

Question 11

Definition of specificity

Answer 11

Probability of a neg test given the pt is free of dz

Question 12

What is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act?

Answer 12

1996 legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for medical info

Question 13

How does PH reporting play into HIPAA?

Answer 13

PH reporting is an exception
PH surveillance data are collected without pt consent and contain sensitive info
Uses other than those for which the data are specifically collected should be carefully considered

Question 14

How should data be routinely analyzed?

Answer 14

By
Person
Place
Time

Question 15

What methods are usually appropriate for data analysis?

Answer 15

Descriptive methods
-Frequencies, prevalence, and incidence of dz
-Visual display of data: tables and graphs

Question 16

What’s the purpose of interpreting surveillance data?

Answer 16

Assess for deviations in patterns of dz

Question 17

What if dz occurrence varies between ppl?

Answer 17

Infer some cause of dz is present in one person and absent in another

Question 18

What if dz occurrence varies between places?

Answer 18

Infer some cause of dz is present in one location and absent in another

Question 19

What if dz occurrence varies over time?

Answer 19

Infer some cause of the dz must also be changing during that time period

Question 20

What should always be considered when interpreting surveillance data?

Answer 20

The possibility of an artifactual explanation for changes
-Changes in dz definition, dx, reporting, surveillance activities, and public awareness over time

Question 21

Definition of artifactual

Answer 21

An inaccurate observation, effect, or results, especially one resulting from the tech used in scientific ix or from experimental error

Question 22

Who are the key stakeholders that need to be informed of surveillance data?

Answer 22

Medical communities, including HCPs and lab directors
Program planners, school boards, local gov’ts, and other relevant decision makers

Question 23

What are the types of data reports and updates?

Answer 23

Weekly, monthly, annual
News briefings

Question 24

What are the links of surveillance to PH action?

Answer 24

ID, investigation, and control of OBs
Community planning
Eval of prevention/control measures
Generating hypotheses
Providing historical data

Question 25

At one point in the natural hx of dz would screening programs be used?

Answer 25

Before sx occur