Lecture 4, part 1 Flashcards
What agencies routinely collect PH data?
Governmental and non-governmental agencies
What PH data information is available?
Vital stats
Infectious dz
Chronic illness
Injuries
Health behaviors
Utilization of health svcs
Environmental modeling
Why is it important to understand data collection methods and limitations of each data source?
To interpret the information appropriately
What are the data source considerations?
Specific pop covered by data collection system
Time period covered by the data collection system
Types of measures, classification, diagnostic criteria
Likelihood of inaccuracies or incomplete data
What specific pops could be covered in data sources?
Census
Sampling from a target pop
Institutionalized vs non-institutionalized
Civilian vs military
Considerations specific to time period in data sources
Frequency of data collection: continuous, intermittent, etc.
Frequency of data updates
Changes in data collection methods over time
What are the types of measures, classification, and diagnostic criteria in data sources?
ICD9/10 codes
Biological/laboratory testing
Responses to interview-based surveys
What possible sources of data are there in the natural hx of dz?
Screening programs
Pt interviews/questionnaires
Medical/physician/insurance records
Clinical, registries, notifiable
Vital stats
How many actual cases are we really only often able to detect?
A fraction
Definition of PH surveillance
The ongoing and systematic process of data collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of descriptive info for monitoring health problems
What does public health surveillance do?
Collects and analyzes data to monitor health problems and facilitate their prevention or control
What is the primary goal of PH surveillance?
Guide PH policy and action
How is the importance of the health problem to PH determined?
Incidence and prevalence
Severity, sequelae, disabilities, mortality
Socioeconomic impact
Potential for spread
Public concern
How is the ability to prevent, control, or treat the health problem determined?
Preventability
Effective control measures
Education
Vaccines
Tx
How is the capacity of the health system to implement control measures for the health problem evaluated?
Speed of response
Economics
Availability of resources
Surveillance feasibility and timeliness
What are the essential surveillance activities?
- Collection of surveillance data
- Analysis of surveillance data
- Interpretation of surveillance data
- Dissemination of surveillance data
What are the four methods commonly used to collect health-related data?
Environmental monitoring
Surveys
Registries
Notification
What are three ways to obtain a notification for a dz?
Passive surveillance
Active surveillance
Enhanced surveillance
In the U.S., who determines which communicable dzs and other health conditions should be reported to federal authorities by the states?
The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and the CDC
What are the conditions called that require a notification?
Notifiable or reportable conditions
What category are most types of notifiable dzs in?
Communicable
Why are communicable dzs the majority of the notifiable dz list?
Greater likelihood of producing immediate increased threats to PH
Pathway of notifiable dzs
HC providers, labs, and institutions, report to the local HD if applicable, or if no local HD, then state/territorial HD.
If local HD, the local HD reports to the state/territorial HD.
The state/territorial HD then reports to the CDC
What is involved in passive surveillance?
HC providers send reports to HDs on the basis of a known set of rules and regulation (provider-initiated)
What is involved in active surveillance?
HD staff contact HC providers to solicit reports (usually only conducted short-term during times of concern)
How is PH surveillance useful?
Detect sudden changes in dz occurrence and distribution
Monitor health behaviors and HC practices
What are the three main criteria to consider with surveillance data in terms of deciding which conditions to survey?
Importance of the health problem to PH
Ability to prevent, control, or treat the health problem
Capacity of health system to implement control measures for the health problem
