lecture #4 carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

what are carbohydrates

A
  • sugars: simple and complex
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2
Q

how do they gives us energy?

A

broken down through cellular respiration

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3
Q

how are they stored?

A

As long chains for short-term energy reserves in muscles and liver in animals

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4
Q

what is the usual structure for a sugar

A

CH2O = 1:2:1 ratio

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5
Q

what are the simple/complex sugars

A

monomers= simple
polymers= complex

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6
Q

what are the classes of simple sugars

A
  • Monosaccharides : monomers of carbohydrates, share the same molecular formula (C6H12O6), but arrangement of atoms differ

(know how to recongnise glucose, fructose, galactose)

  • Disaccharides: 2 linked monosaccharides
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7
Q

what are the types disaccharides, what are they composed of

A

sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)
lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
maltose= glucose + glucose (brewing sugar)

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8
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

simplest carbohydrate (one piece)

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9
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

doible sugars, two monosaccharides (2 pieces linked together by covalent bonds)

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10
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

macromolecules, polymers composed of many monosaccharides

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11
Q

what is the linkage between the monosaccharides in polysaccharides

A

glycosidik linkages

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12
Q

how do plants store energy (what type of storage polyssacharide do they store)

A

In the form of starch (molecule all oriented in the same direction)

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13
Q

what are the monosaccharides (learn what they look like)

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

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14
Q

what characterises each monosaccharide molecule

A
  • glucose: 2 OH on the side, hexagone
  • galactose: 1 OH , 1 H, hexagone
  • fructose: 1 OH, 1 H, pentagone
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15
Q

how do animals store energy

A

glycogyne (molecules not all oriented in the same direction)

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16
Q

what is chitin

A

polyssacharide found in funcal cell walls and external skeleton of insects and other arthropods

beta linkages

17
Q

what are the 2 types of glycosidik linkages (ring formation) what do they do

A

alpha (hydroxil group below the first carbon)
beta (hydroxil group above the first carbon)

determine the 3D structure

18
Q

what does the starch molecule look like

A

chain of glucose molecules all in the same direction

19
Q

what does the cellulose molecule look like

A

chain of glucose molecules in opposite orientation

20
Q

what does the glycogen molecule look like

A

branched chain of glucose molecules resulting in a forked arrangement

21
Q

can we digest cellulose?

A

No, cannot digest the beta linkages from cellulose

22
Q

how can SOME animals digest cellulose (cows)?

A

cellulose-digesting prokaryotes and protists in its gut.

23
Q

what are the 2 forms of starch

A

amylose, amylopectin

24
Q

why is glucose in a ring confirmation?

A

It is more stable then a straight strain confirmation

25
Q

what is cellulose used for

A

support in plants (cell wall)

26
Q

what are the structural carbohydrates

A
  • cellulose
  • chitin
27
Q

what are the storage carbohydrates

A
  • glycogyne
  • starch
28
Q

what releases glucose

A

Hydrolysis of glycogen in these animal cells
and of starch in plant cells

29
Q

what is the use of glycogen being brached (not straight)

A

The extensively branched structure of glycogen fits its function: More free ends are available for hydrolysis

30
Q

what is the most abundant organic compound on earth

A

cellulose

31
Q

what do sugar molecules look like

A

a carboxyl group (C double bond O) and multiple hydroxil groups OH