lecture #4 carbohydrates Flashcards
what are carbohydrates
- sugars: simple and complex
how do they gives us energy?
broken down through cellular respiration
how are they stored?
As long chains for short-term energy reserves in muscles and liver in animals
what is the usual structure for a sugar
CH2O = 1:2:1 ratio
what are the simple/complex sugars
monomers= simple
polymers= complex
what are the classes of simple sugars
- Monosaccharides : monomers of carbohydrates, share the same molecular formula (C6H12O6), but arrangement of atoms differ
(know how to recongnise glucose, fructose, galactose)
- Disaccharides: 2 linked monosaccharides
what are the types disaccharides, what are they composed of
sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)
lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
maltose= glucose + glucose (brewing sugar)
what is a monosaccharide
simplest carbohydrate (one piece)
what is a disaccharide
doible sugars, two monosaccharides (2 pieces linked together by covalent bonds)
what is a polysaccharide
macromolecules, polymers composed of many monosaccharides
what is the linkage between the monosaccharides in polysaccharides
glycosidik linkages
how do plants store energy (what type of storage polyssacharide do they store)
In the form of starch (molecule all oriented in the same direction)
what are the monosaccharides (learn what they look like)
glucose
galactose
fructose
what characterises each monosaccharide molecule
- glucose: 2 OH on the side, hexagone
- galactose: 1 OH , 1 H, hexagone
- fructose: 1 OH, 1 H, pentagone
how do animals store energy
glycogyne (molecules not all oriented in the same direction)
what is chitin
polyssacharide found in funcal cell walls and external skeleton of insects and other arthropods
beta linkages
what are the 2 types of glycosidik linkages (ring formation) what do they do
alpha (hydroxil group below the first carbon)
beta (hydroxil group above the first carbon)
determine the 3D structure
what does the starch molecule look like
chain of glucose molecules all in the same direction
what does the cellulose molecule look like
chain of glucose molecules in opposite orientation
what does the glycogen molecule look like
branched chain of glucose molecules resulting in a forked arrangement
can we digest cellulose?
No, cannot digest the beta linkages from cellulose
how can SOME animals digest cellulose (cows)?
cellulose-digesting prokaryotes and protists in its gut.
what are the 2 forms of starch
amylose, amylopectin
why is glucose in a ring confirmation?
It is more stable then a straight strain confirmation
