Lecture 4 Flashcards
Not all of the risk factors for poverty end up in deliquincy. What may be the cause of differential arrest and conviction patterns?
Middle and upper class may have more resources to fight prosecution or have the social skills to negotiate the system more successfully.
What are the social risk factors for poverty?
- Lack of resources
- Racism / Discrimination
- Poor education
- Employment opportunities
What are social risk factors for peer associations?
- Peer rejections
- Social alienation
- Drug use & peers who engage in delinquent behaviours
- Temperament, attitudes, impulsivity and aggression
- Juvenile gangs
How are juvenile gangs a social risk factor?
- Family members / friends in a gang may encourage you to join
Why do some people want to join a gang?
- Power, prestige, protection, affiliation, money, entertainment.
What are two factors for greater risk for chronic antisocial behaviour?
- Chronically aggressive
- Peer rejection
What preschool experiences are considered social risk factors?
- Quality of child care
- Exposure to aggressive peers
- Consistency of child care arrangements
What are the after-school social risk factors?
- Unsupervised activity
What are social risk factors for school failure?
- Retention in the early grades
- Reading achievement
Why can single parent households be a parental social risk factor?
- Less time to monitor children
What can a single parent home do to be less of a social risk factor?
- At least one caring adult
- ## Conflict-free home
What are the parental styles that can reduce social risk factors?
- Parental attitudes towards the child (prosocial)
- Emotional climate of the parent-child relationship
What are the four parental styles?
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Authoritative
- Neglecting
What is the authoritarian parental style?
- Lack of flexibility
- Harsh discipline
- Very strucured
What is the permissive parental style?
- Unstructured, more hands off
- Kids are more independent
- May fall into bad peer groups
What is the authoritative parental style?
- Role models
- Listens, reasons, discusses
- Shows interest in the child’s needs and wants
- Still in control
What is the neglecting parental style?
Uninvolved.
What is important about parental monitoring as a social risk factor?
- Awareness of childrens activities
- Age 9-mid adolescence is a critical time
At what age is a strong predictor of antisocial behaviour?
Later childhood and adolescence
What is important in the parents psychopathology? (for that child’s social risk)
- Depressed parent(s)
- Parental alcoholism
- Domensic violence
- Attachment theory
What are all the social risk factors for criminal behaviour? (4)
- Poverty
- Peer associations
- School
- Parental
What are all the psychological risk factors?
- Lack of empathy
- Cognitive / Language deficits
- AD/HD
- Conduct disorder
What factors in lack of empathy is a psychological risk factor?
- Lack of emotional regulation
- Cognitive issues
- Cruelty to animals
Why are cognitive and language deficits psychological risk factors?
- Poor expression in language
- Frustration and poor conflict resolution
- Low intelligence, high deliquincy, vice versa.
What did Hirschi and Hindelang (1977) find about IQ scores and delinquency?
- Inverse relationship between IQ scores and delinquency through
performance frustration and poor attitudes.
What is the correlation strength between intelligence and delinquency?
Weak to moderate.
Where do most people fall in the intelligence scale?
66% of people fall between 90-110. (Within one standard deviation
from the average.)
What are the symptoms of ADHD?
Inattention, impulsivity, excessive motor activity.
What are the common problems of ADHD? (That could clearly be connected with criminal behaviour?
- Self regulation skills
- Peer rejection
- Delinquency
- Substance abuse
What does ADHD have a high correlate with?
Aggression
Define conduct disorder?
- A serious pattern of antisocial behaviour which is characterized by
harm to others and a possible violation of criminal laws.
What are some behaviours of conduct disorder?
- Bullying/intimidation
- Fighting
- Using weapons to cause physical harm
- Forced sexual activity
- Destruction of property
- “cons” others
- Theft
Adolescents who display conduct disorder are at higher risks for what when they are adults?
Substance abuse and emotional disorders.
