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Criminal Psychology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the intrapersonal aspect that effects human behavior?

A
  • Medical Disorders
  • Self-Concept
  • Self-Esteem
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1
Q

What are the five aspects that impact human behavior?

A 
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Personal Institution Interactions
Community
Society
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2
Q

What is the interpersonal aspect that effects human behavior?

A
  • What we accumulate from the outside world

- Siblings, parents, boyfriend, etc.

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3
Q

What is the personal institution interactions that effect human behaviors?

A
  • School

- Work

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4
Q

What is the community aspect that effects human behavior?

A
  • Where you grew up (small town, city, etc)

- Neighbourhoods (ghetto, suburb, etc.)

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5
Q

What is the society aspect that effects human behavior?

A
  • Eastern cultures vs. western cultures, etc.

- Different countries

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6
Q

Define criminal behavior?

A

Behaviour in violation of the criminal code that is intentional and without justification or excuse.

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7
Q

What is “actus reus?”

A

“Guilty act”; action that is forbidden in the criminal code. Has to establish the act actually happened. (This is a court process)

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8
Q

What is “Mens Rea?”

A

“Guilty Mind”; The individual must have intended to carry out the guilty act or done it knowingly or recklessly. (Needs justification)

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9
Q

What is another name for a minor crime?

A

Misdemeanour

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10
Q

What is another name for a major crime?

A

Felony

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11
Q

What is a summary offense?

A

Most minor of offenses.

- disturbance, loitering, harassing telephone calls, etc.

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12
Q

What is an indictable offense?

A

More serious offenses

- Murder, rape, robbery, etc.

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13
Q

What is a hybrid offense?

A

Crown prosector has the option of trying the offence as a summary or indictable. (assault, theft, etc)
- History of criminal acts may impact how they are tried.

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14
Q

What does “UCR” stand for and what is it?

A

Uniform Crime Reports
- Long-term database of crime across the United States about
the victims, offender and crimes.

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15
Q

How is crime measured? (3)

A
  • Official police reports
  • Self-report studies
  • Victimization studies
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16
Q

What is the national incident-based reporting system?

A

A supplement database with more precise details about offences and crimes.

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17
Q

What are the limitations of measuring crime? (5)

A

1) Concentrates on more serious crimes
2) What is the accuracy of documentation
3) Discretion is used by law enforcement regarding arrests
4) Limited definition of crime (doesn’t include “white collar” crime)
5) “dark figure”

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18
Q

What is the “dark figure?”

A

Those crimes that go unreported or undetected. Close to 3/4 of crimes are not captured in statistics (rape, minor crimes, etc)

19
Q

What do self-report studies show about criminal activity?

A
  • Gathered through questionnaires and interviews.
  • Most people have violated some criminal law.
  • Huge dark figure
  • Most crimes are minor
  • Limitations of this study includes: mostly adolescents, when
    adults were questioned, it was largely an incarcerated population.
20
Q

What is criminal versitility?

A

Performed lots of different crimes. High degree of risk for that individual.

21
Q

What are the limitations of using a census to sample criminal behavior?

A
  • Does not account for ALL of the population
  • Usually done by phone or house, not everyone has a phone
    or a residence.
  • Doesn’t count for people who are institutionalized
  • Some people may not admit to things because they don’t
    believe it is anonymous.
22
Q

What is the “just world” hypothesis?

A
  • We are the authors of our own fate
  • When we do good, good things happen, vice versa
  • People should be punished for doing the wrong thing
23
Q

What is the classical theory?

A

We all have free will. Human behaviour is fundamentally driven by a choice made by weighing the amount of pleasure gained against the amount of punishment.

24
Q

What is deterrence theory?

A

If you punish someone significantly enough, they won’t do it again. Or if you see someone significantly punished.
Ex: Public hangings.

25
Q

What is positivist theory?

A

There are many different factors of why we do things. Psychological, social, biological influence, etc.

26
Q

What is the theoretical perspective on human nature: conformity?

A

Humans are believed to be driven by an innate moral sense to do the right thing. (desire for self-actualization)

27
Q

What is the Merton-Straing theory?

A

Crime is caused by economic stratification, which creates a strain between:

1) Culturally held goals / values (finance, success, house, car, etc)
2) Legitimate means to achieve these goals (jobs, education, etc)

28
Q

In the Merton-Strain theory, individuals are forced to adopt to social strain through five possible means, what are they?

A

1) Conformity
2) Innovation (“I can sell coke and make money.”
3) Ritualism (Given up on achieving goals, but still good morals)
4) Retractionism (Given up on goals AND being good. Junkies.)
5) Rebellion (Given up and rejected society. Terrorists)

29
Q

What is the theoretical perspective on human nature: Nonconformity?

A
  • Everyone has the potential to commit crime because it is in our
    nature to act on our impulses.
  • We need to be socialized into appropriate values and behaviour.
30
Q

What is Hirschi-Social Control (Bonding) Theory?

A
  • Criminal behaviour occurs when an individual’s ties to normative
    standards are weak or non-existent.
  • Elements of the bond to ones society is what keeps people
    from committing crimes.
31
Q

What are some examples of elements of a bond to society that keeps people from committing crimes?

A
  • Strength of attachment to significant other
  • Involvement in activities
  • Belief in fairness
  • Moral obligations
32
Q

What would biological and neurobiological theories suggest about crime?

A

Crime occurs due to prepotent factors within the individual which must be managed.

33
Q

What does the General Theory of crime suggest about criminal activity?

A

Criminality occurs due to deficits in self-regulation.

34
Q

What are the theoretical perspectives on human nature: learning?

A
  • All behaviour is learned
  • Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response
  • Punishment decreases the likelihood of a response
  • Criminal behaviour results from a lack of punishment for criminal
    behaviour.
35
Q

What is the Differential Association Theory?

A
  • All behaviour is learned through social interactions.
  • When one is exposed to consistent pro-crime messages at
    the expensive of pro-social messages, one is more likely
    to engage in criminal activity.
36
Q

What are the theoretical perspectives on human nature: Developmental?

A
  • Behaviour begins in early childhood and continues throughout
    adulthood.
37
Q

What are the theoretical perspectives on human nature: Degree or kind? (2 points)

A
  • Difference in Degree

- Difference in Kind

38
Q

What is difference-in-degree?

A

Humans exist on a continuum with all other animals, and thus are privy to the same drives and biological imperatives; evolutionary psychology.

39
Q

What is difference in kind?

A

Humans are distinct from animals and possess unique human attributes which should be the focus of study

40
Q

What is criminology?

A

The multidisciplinary study of crime.

41
Q

What is forensic psychology?

A
  • Any applications of psychological knowledge to the

understanding of crime and criminal justice.

42
Q

What is the different between criminal and civil?

A

Criminal: Action taken by the state for transgression of the law.
Civil: Action taken by the people against each other for harm done.

43
Q

What are some examples of criminal forensic assessments?

A

Fitness to stand trial, Dangerous offender, Institutional classification, parole / probation.

44
Q

What are some examples of civil assessments?

A

Child custody/placement, child protection, personal injury claims, civil competency.

Criminal Psychology (17 decks)

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