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Criminal Psychology > Crime & Mental Disorders > Flashcards

Crime & Mental Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the tautological argument suggest?

A

That mentally ill people are dangerous, and people who commit violent/ sensational crimes are mentally ill.

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2
Q

According to the DSM, a mental disorder is characterized by…?

A
  1. Dysfunction of some internal process within the
    person.
  2. Negative consequences for the individual.
    (pain, distress, disability.)
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3
Q

What are the three major changes in the recent DSM versions?

A
  1. Focus on the behavioural indicators of the
    mental disorder.
  2. Reclassification of neurosis.
  3. Expansions of subcategories of psychosis.
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4
Q

What is included in the reclassification of neurosis in the recent DSM versions?

A
  • anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders,

dissociative disorders.

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5
Q

What is the difference between mental illness and mental disorder?

A
  • Mental illness is usually centred around a medical
    model indicating there is a cure or treatment.
  • Mental disorder is a clinical syndrome.
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6
Q

What is included in the expansion of subcategories of psychosis?

A
  • schizophrenia, major affective disorders
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7
Q

What is schizophrenia? (DSM)

A
  1. Persistent, chronic, serious mental disorder
    affecting a variety of aspects of behaviour,
    thinking and emotion.
  2. At least two positive symptoms:
    - Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized
    speech, disorganized behaviour.
  3. Negative symptoms:
    • Inappropriate affect, alogia, avoliation.
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8
Q

What is alogia?

A

Poverty of thinking.

Ex: Lack of [quality] speech.

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9
Q

What is avolition?

A

Inability to initiate and persist in goal directed activities. Such as school or work.

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10
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

Things that are added to their normal functioning. Ex: Hallucinations.

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11
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A

Things that are taken away from their normal functioning. Ex: Inappropriate affect.

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12
Q

What are the subtypes of schizophrenia?

A

Disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, undifferentiated, residual.

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13
Q

What is schizophreniform disorder? (DSM)

A

Diagnosed when the symptom criteria for schizophrenia are met, but the duration is too short and social and occupational functioning may not be impaired.

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14
Q

What is catatonic behaviour?

A

Lots of sitting, sleeping, laying. Lack of responsiveness.

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15
Q

Which type of schizophrenia actually has a correlation to violence/crime?

A

Paranoid Schizophrenia

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16
Q

What is residual schizophrenia?

A

Where the individual may have experienced it before, but may not be right now.

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17
Q

What is schizoaffective disorder?

A

Diagnosed when the symptom criteria for schizophrenia are met and during the same continuous period there is a major depressive, manic or mixed episode.

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18
Q

What are delusional disorders characterized by?

A
  • Nonbizarre delusions of at least 1 month’s
    duration.
  • Symptom criteria for schizophrenia cannot be met
  • Hallucinations can be present, but not prominent.
    (if they are related to the delusion.)
  • Psychosocial functioning may not be impaired.
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19
Q

What are olfactory hallucinations?

A

Smelling something that isn’t really there.

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20
Q

What are tactile hallucinations?

A

Having physical contact with something that isn’t there.

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21
Q

What are the subtypes of delusional disorders?

A

Erotomanic, gandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, unspecified.

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22
Q

What is erotomanic delusional disorder?

A

Belief of being loved from afar. (Usually being loved by a famous person)

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23
Q

What is jealous delusional disorder?

A

Ex: Delusion of being cheated on.

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24
Q

What is persecutory delusional disorder?

A

Delusions that their goals are being deterred by other people.

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25
Q

What is major depressive disorder?

A
  • Chronically persistent and pervasive emotional
    depression.
  • Goes beyond normal grief or sadness to be
    characterized by an essential feature of loss of
    interest/pleasure in life activities.
  • Weight loss/gain, insomnia/hypersomnia,
    psychomotor agitation, feelings of worthlessness.
26
Q

What is bipolar disorder? (Manic-depression)

A
  • Characterized by dramatic “mood swings” or

episodes of mania & hypomania.

27
Q

What is the difference between mania and hypomania?

A

Hypomania is similar to mania but distinguished by the absence of psychotic symptoms and less impact of functioning.

28
Q

What is mania?

A

A state of elation, irritation, motivational or euphoric feelings.

29
Q

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

A pervasive pattern of disregard for the violation of the rights of others occurring since 18 years of age by three (or more) of the symptom criteria.

30
Q

What are common features of anti social personality disorder?

A
  • Failure to conform to social norms
  • Deceitfulness (lying, use of aliases)
  • Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
  • Irritability and aggressiveness
  • Consistent irresponsibility
  • Lack of remorse
  • Individual is at least 18 years old
  • Evidence of conduct disorder with onset before
    the age of 15.
31
Q

Make Chart of Mental disorders and violence.

A

List by arboledo-florez, et al. (1996.)

32
Q

What does it mean if you are unfit to stand trial?

A

On account of mental disorder, the accused is unable to understand the nature and/or consequences of the proceeding or unable to instruct their counsel at any stage of the court proceedings.

33
Q

When would a warrant of committal/disposition of detention be issued?

A

If the accused would be found unfit. They would be committed to a secure psychiatric facility until such a time as they become fit.

34
Q

The mandate of the psychiatric facility is only to make the person ___ ___ _____?

A

Fit for trial.

35
Q

What percentage of the US accused are sent for fitness assessments?

A

2%-8%

36
Q

Out of the 2%-8% that go through fitness assessments, what percentage is found unfit? (In the USA and Canada)

A
  • 20% - USA

- 11% - CANADA

37
Q

What are the correlates of people who are unfit to stand trail found by Bartol are?

A
  • Limited social/occupational skills
  • History of prior criminal charges/hospitalizations
  • Unmarried, minority status, poorly educated
38
Q

What is the Fitness Interview Test (FIT)?

A
  • Semi structured interview that takes 30 minutes
39
Q

What is the criteria that is evaluated in the FIT?

A

a) Understanding the nature or object of the
proceedings
b) Understand the possible consequences of the
proceedings
c) Ability to communicate with counsel

40
Q

What can happen if you are found NCRMD?

A
  • Absolutely discharged
  • Conditionally discharged
  • Detained
41
Q

What are the conditions assessed to determine NCRMD?

A
  • Actus reus (they weren’t totally in control)

- Mens Rea (they did not know it was wrong)

42
Q

What is the McNaghten rule?

A

To be presumed to be insane, has to be establish that at the time of committing the act, they were in such a disease of the mind that they didn’t know what they were doing, or, if they did- they didn’t know it was wrong.

43
Q

What are the issues of the McNaghten rule? (2)

A

1) “Disease of the mind” is vague
2) Knowing it is wrong (“wrong” is a broad
meaning)

44
Q

Why is PTSD still a controversial diagnosis?

A

Due to concerns over the validity of assessment since it depends largely on self-report.

45
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder?

A

The suffering from alternation of two or more distinct personality states with impaired recall among personality states of important information.

46
Q

Why is dissociative identity disorder possibly “iatrogenic?”

A

Iatrogenic - exists because clinicians believe in it.
- The clinician unintentionally believed so strongly
in the condition that they actively seek and
interpret various behaviours as symptoms of the
disorder.

47
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Difficulty in recalling past memories

48
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Difficulty in creating new memories

49
Q

What is limited amnesia?

A

Refers to a pathological inability to remember a specific episode, a small number of episodes due to a blow to the head, substance intoxication or emotional shock. Effects are temporary.

50
Q

What percentage of persons convicted of homicide claim they cannot remember the crime? Due to what?

A

30%-65%. Usually because of alcoholic intoxication.

51
Q

What is important to assess “dangerousness” by clinicians?

A

Responsibility of mental health professionals to breach confidentiality in order to warn third parties of risk for violence from their client.

52
Q

Why is it difficult to accurately understand the base rates of violence?

A

Clinicians generally over predict due to fear of legal ramifications.

53
Q

How do you predict if there will be future violent acts?

A

To understand how and why people chose to act violently in the past, and to determine whether these or other factors might lead the person to make similar choices.

54
Q

What are the features of an unstructured assessment?

A
  • No constraints on evaluation. Any information
    can be considered.
  • No constraints on decisions. Information can be
    weighted and combined in any manner. Also, the
    results can be communicated in any manner.
55
Q

What are the limitations of unstructured assessments?

A
  • No systematic empirical support
  • Decisions are broad
  • Relies of charismatic authority
56
Q

What are the features of risk scales?

A
  • Designed to predict violence
  • High-fidelity
  • Imposed rigid structure
57
Q

What are the limitations of the risk scales?

A
  • Requires professional judgements (how to
    interpret scores)
  • Justification of use requires induction
  • Results may be easily misinterpreted
58
Q

In the violence risk scale (VRS) what is a static variable?

A
  • Current age, sex, convictions, family upbringing
59
Q

In the violence risk scale (VRS) what is a dynamic risk factor?

A
  • Violent lifestyle, attitudes, peers, interpersonal

aggression, weapon use, mental disorder, etc.

60
Q

What is the guide for risk assessments?

A
  • Use many sources of information
  • Standardized and structured
  • More accurate and informative
  • Assess both static and dynamic risk factors
61
Q

A risk assessment instrument should be…? (2)

A
  • Appropriate for the question at hand and the
    target population.
  • Sample a wide range of major risk variables of the
    population in question.
  • One size does not fit all.

Criminal Psychology (17 decks)

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