Lecture 3

Question 0

What is personality?

Answer 0

The end product of our habit system.

Question 1

What is the origin of criminal behaviour in the aspect of learning?

Answer 1

Behaviour is not shaped by instincts or the unconscious, but almost entirely by the environment.

Question 2

What are the three types of learning?

Answer 2

• Classical Conditioning
• Instrumental Learning
• Social Learning

Question 3

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 3

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired. (A response elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.)

Question 4

Is deviant sexual arousal a form of classical conditiong? Why or why not?

Answer 4

Maybe. Most people aren’t usually aroused by non-consenting partners. Though they may start pairing fantasies with orgasms. Then they start to become conditioned.

Question 5

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 5

Learning through reinforcement and punishment.

Question 6

What type of analysis may contribute to criminal behaviours?

Answer 6

Cost/benefit analysis and positive reinforcement.

Question 7

What is the checklist for effective punishment? (6)

Answer 7

1) Must be of maximal intensity
2) Must be immediate
3) Must be consistent
4) There must be no escape or alternatives
5) The balance of cost must outweigh the balance of benefit
6) Must be aversive to the individual

Question 8

What are the three reasons punishment doesn’t work?

Answer 8

1) Suppresses behaviour (without a rewarding prosocial behaviour)
2) Penalties are general to the behaviour and not specific to what
causes it.
3) Penalties are insufficient to the magnitude for the criminal
behaviour.

Question 9

What does eysenck believe about conditioning?

Answer 9

That classical conditioning is more important than operant conditiong?

Question 10

Why does eysenck believe that classical conditioning is more important than operant conditioning?

Answer 10

• The small number of actual convictions for crime would suggest
  that most people get away with it.
• Inconsistencies in punishment and long waits for prosecution
  interferes with decreasing behaviour.

Question 11

What did eysenck think about guilt and fear?

Answer 11

It is a conditioned reflex to parental punishment of inappropriate behaviour keeps people in check.

Question 12

Which type of people condition poorly?

Answer 12

Extraverts

Question 13

What is social learning theory?

Answer 13

Behaviour is learned. It is learned in a social way (watching others).
Usually learned from parents, peets, coworkers, etc.

Question 14

What maintains social learning (from social learning theory)?

Answer 14

Rewards and costs.

Question 30

What is the cognitive model (5 events)

Answer 30

Event (Perception)
Interpretation (Meaning)
Thoughts (Self-Talk)
Feelings (Information)
Behaviour (Choice)

Question 31

What is entitlement?

Answer 31

Giving higher priority to your own views, expectations, needs, rights, immediate feelings and desires to such a degree that the rights and needs or others are disrespected and ignored.

Question 32

What is neutralization?

Answer 32

Thoughts we use which neutralize our conscience or guilt about anti-social acionts.

Question 33

Why do people use neutralizations?

Answer 33

To justify or excuse ourselves.

Question 34

What are the six anti-social actions?

Answer 34

Denial of responsibility
Denial of injury
Denial of victim
Condemnation of the condemners
Appeal to higher loyalties
Victim stance

Question 35

What is an example of ‘denial of responsibility?’

Answer 35

It’s not my fault.

Question 36

What is the ‘denial of injury?’

Answer 36

I did it. But it wasn’t a big deal. Nobody got hurt.

* Emphasis on “it could have been worse.”

Question 37

What is the ‘denial of victim?’

Answer 37

He was an asshole so he deserved it. It was his fault.

Question 38

What is ‘condemnation of the condemners?’

Answer 38

The judge was just out to get me.

Question 39

What is appealing to higher loyalties (in anti-social actions)?

Answer 39

“I did it for my sister!”

Question 40

What is the victim stance?

Answer 40

“I was so abused as a child. You would be this way too if you experienced what I did.”

Question 41

What How did Piaget and Kohlberg describe the developmental process?

Answer 41

Move from early egocentrism to later have a capacity for

role-taking.

Question 42

What is empathy?

Answer 42

Ability to respond to their feelings.

Question 43

Why (maybe) are there sex differences in criminality?

Answer 43

As women grow older, we are more empathetic. So maybe we wouldn’t engage in as many criminal behaviours.

Question 44

What is guilt?

Answer 44

A sense of remorse for having done something wrong.

* NOT shame.

Question 45

Is guilt an adaptive behaviour? Why or why not?

Answer 45

If we feel badly about doing something, we may not do it again because you don’t want to feel that way again.

Question 46

What is the deficiency in interpersonal problem solving that leads to criminal behaviours?

Answer 46

Individual may not have sufficient experience or been exposed to goal setting, brainstorming, evaluating, solution selectionn, evaluation, prosocial rolemodels, etc.

Question 47

What is interpersonal problem solving impacted by (to make it a deficit)?

Answer 47

Impulsivity, empathy, perspective, goal directedness, self-control.

Question 48

How can social skills be a deficit?

Answer 48

Lact/ Deficit in listening, apologizing, expressing feelings, responding to teasing, responding to failure, criticism.

Question 49

In Leonark Berkowitz’s Frustration-Induced Criminality, what are the two main criminal personalities? (Why do they act out of frustration)

Answer 49

1. Socialized
   
   • Learning, conditioning, modeling.
2. Individual
   
   • Frustration due to unmet needs.
   • High expectancy of meeting a goal