lecture 4

Question 1

Theory of childhood cognitive development

Answer 1

• developed by Jean Piaget argues 4 stages of child development

Question 2

Stage 1 (0-2) :

Answer 2

1- Sensorimotor stage (rooting, sucking, startling)
2- Establish trusting relationships with the caregiver
3- Motor development continues
4- Starts building vocabulary

Question 3

Stage 2 ( 2- 4 years) toddler

Answer 3

1- Pre-operational stage:
- walk up and down the stairs
- hops and skips
- speak in short sentences
- thinking in symbols ( imaginary friend)

Question 4

Stage 2 ( 4-7 years) preschool

Answer 4

1- self care
2- plays cooperatively w friends
3- Learn to count, read, draw etc
4- Primitive reasoning: asks questions and wants to know why

Question 5

Stage 3( 7-9 years) school age

Answer 5

Concrete Operational Stage:
1- Gross and fine motor skills
2- Realistic wordlview
3- Formal schooling
4- efficinet cognitive functions
5- Inductive reasoning

Question 6

Stage 3 ( 9-11 years) pre adolescent

Answer 6

1- Spurt startes
2- sexual characters
3- aware of body changes
4- understands others perspective

Question 7

Stage 4 (15-17 years) :

Answer 7

1- risky behavior
2- romantically interested
3- parent-child clash
4- identitiy crisis

Question 7

Stage 4 (11-14 years) :early adolescence

Answer 7

Formal Operational stage:
1- consciousness of body image
2- influenced by peers
3- mood swings
4- complex problems solved
5- abstract thinking and deductive reasoning

Question 7

Stage 4 (22 onwards) :

Answer 7

1- serious relationship
2- graduation
3- family phase

Question 8

Stage 4 (18- 21 years) :

Answer 8

1- parent-child conflict over
2- self- assurance
3- cognitive and emotional growth

Question 8

Adolescence brain qualities

Answer 8

1- (10 -17 ) girls , (12-18) boys
2- rapid synaptic pruning
3- growth of prefrontal
4- heightened neural plasticity
5- dual systems

Question 8

Dual system model ?

Answer 8

1- Reward system:
- sensation seeking
- sensitivity to rewards
2- cognitive control
- impulse control
- delayed gratification
- strategic planning

Question 9

Aging brain development

Answer 9

1- Life long brain development
2- Brain volume shrinks as part of aging ( women give birth research ?)
3- may be reversible through healthy life-style

Question 10

Kittens example

Answer 10

1- Kittens that are exposed to vertical lines throughout their life can’t perceive horizontal lines. ( horizontal genes are off)

Question 10

Salience

Answer 10

when something is noticable or important

Question 11

London Taxi driver

Answer 11

1- Larger hippocampus is found and better function than a GPS due to experience dependant plasticity

Question 12

PLasticity of brain during childhood

Answer 12

1- Before year 1: impact of lesion is greater (except language that improves)
2- 1-5 years: reorganization leads to rehabilitation of functions
3- after 5 years: little improvement of function

Question 13

Agnosia

Answer 13

1- Inability to recognize objects, persons, sounds etc.
2- Damaged area: occipital lobe, temporal lobe
3- Therapy: training patients to pay careful attention to traits in order to rehabilitate differentiation.

Question 14

Aphasia

Answer 14

1- Language deficits (Broca and Wernickes)
2- Speech therapy can help to rehabilitate language skills.

Question 15

Language and its orientation research results

Answer 15

1- language survives early left-hemisphere injury
2- Due to potential language zone in right hemisphere
3- The shift has a price: visuospatial orientation is impaired.

Question 16

What are the assessment types of brian injury severity?

Answer 16

1- Rancho Los Amigos Levels Scale
-10 levels of cogitive functioning
- observation and asking the patient questions.

Question 17

Experimental fMRI

Answer 17

Older patients have longer recovery time after traumatic brain injury
1- Young= hyoeractivation
2- Old= Hypoactivation

Question 18

Structural imaging

Answer 18

Physical anatomy of the brain
-CT scan
- sMRI

Question 19

Functional Imaging

Answer 19

Dynamic brain process like blood flow and biochemical functions
-fMRI
- DTI
- fNIRS
-PET

Question 20

CT

Answer 20

1-Structural 3D scan
2- fastest way to capture image
3-Cannot measure functional activations

Question 21

MRI

Answer 21

1-sMRI: Structural MRI
2- fMRI: Functional MRI
3- Resolution 1.5t, 3t, 7t
5- Poor temporal resolution
6- Good spatial resoution

Question 22

NIRS

Answer 22

1- Uses light to record hemodynamic response
2- Portable wearable
3- Ok temporal resolution
4- Good spatial resolution

Question 23

Hemodynamic response

Answer 23

-Used in fMRI and fNIRS
-Changes in blood flow to brain areas
-Assumes glucose in the blood is recruited when the brain region activated
- Delay due to blood needing time when travelling

Question 24

DTI

Answer 24

-Type of MRI
- Visualizes structural and functional information about white matter tracts

Question 25

PET

Answer 25

Radioactive is injected diseased cells absorb more of the liquid and PET shows the hot spots (ill spots)

Question 26

Manipulation techniques

Answer 26

1-Biofeedback
2-Optogeneics

Question 27

Biofeedback

Answer 27

Mind-body technique use to control some of your body functions: heart-rate, breathing patterns

Question 28

Optogenetics

Answer 28

controls and monitors the biological functions of a cell or group of cells with high temporal and spatial resolution.