lecture 4 Flashcards
Theory of childhood cognitive development
- developed by Jean Piaget argues 4 stages of child development
Stage 1 (0-2) :
1- Sensorimotor stage (rooting, sucking, startling)
2- Establish trusting relationships with the caregiver
3- Motor development continues
4- Starts building vocabulary
Stage 2 ( 2- 4 years) toddler
1- Pre-operational stage:
- walk up and down the stairs
- hops and skips
- speak in short sentences
- thinking in symbols ( imaginary friend)
Stage 2 ( 4-7 years) preschool
1- self care
2- plays cooperatively w friends
3- Learn to count, read, draw etc
4- Primitive reasoning: asks questions and wants to know why
Stage 3( 7-9 years) school age
Concrete Operational Stage:
1- Gross and fine motor skills
2- Realistic wordlview
3- Formal schooling
4- efficinet cognitive functions
5- Inductive reasoning
Stage 3 ( 9-11 years) pre adolescent
1- Spurt startes
2- sexual characters
3- aware of body changes
4- understands others perspective
Stage 4 (15-17 years) :
1- risky behavior
2- romantically interested
3- parent-child clash
4- identitiy crisis
Stage 4 (11-14 years) :early adolescence
Formal Operational stage:
1- consciousness of body image
2- influenced by peers
3- mood swings
4- complex problems solved
5- abstract thinking and deductive reasoning
Stage 4 (22 onwards) :
1- serious relationship
2- graduation
3- family phase
Stage 4 (18- 21 years) :
1- parent-child conflict over
2- self- assurance
3- cognitive and emotional growth
Adolescence brain qualities
1- (10 -17 ) girls , (12-18) boys
2- rapid synaptic pruning
3- growth of prefrontal
4- heightened neural plasticity
5- dual systems
Dual system model ?
1- Reward system:
- sensation seeking
- sensitivity to rewards
2- cognitive control
- impulse control
- delayed gratification
- strategic planning
Aging brain development
1- Life long brain development
2- Brain volume shrinks as part of aging ( women give birth research ?)
3- may be reversible through healthy life-style
Kittens example
1- Kittens that are exposed to vertical lines throughout their life can’t perceive horizontal lines. ( horizontal genes are off)
Salience
when something is noticable or important
London Taxi driver
1- Larger hippocampus is found and better function than a GPS due to experience dependant plasticity
PLasticity of brain during childhood
1- Before year 1: impact of lesion is greater (except language that improves)
2- 1-5 years: reorganization leads to rehabilitation of functions
3- after 5 years: little improvement of function
Agnosia
1- Inability to recognize objects, persons, sounds etc.
2- Damaged area: occipital lobe, temporal lobe
3- Therapy: training patients to pay careful attention to traits in order to rehabilitate differentiation.
Aphasia
1- Language deficits (Broca and Wernickes)
2- Speech therapy can help to rehabilitate language skills.
Language and its orientation research results
1- language survives early left-hemisphere injury
2- Due to potential language zone in right hemisphere
3- The shift has a price: visuospatial orientation is impaired.
What are the assessment types of brian injury severity?
1- Rancho Los Amigos Levels Scale
-10 levels of cogitive functioning
- observation and asking the patient questions.
Experimental fMRI
Older patients have longer recovery time after traumatic brain injury
1- Young= hyoeractivation
2- Old= Hypoactivation
Structural imaging
Physical anatomy of the brain
-CT scan
- sMRI
Functional Imaging
Dynamic brain process like blood flow and biochemical functions
-fMRI
- DTI
- fNIRS
-PET
