Lecture 12

Question 1

Psychosis

Answer 1

when someone loses contact with reality

Question 2

Features of Schizophrenia

Answer 2

1- Begins in adolescence usually with a triggering event
2-Many subtypes ; highly heterogeneous
3-More than 80% of patients hear voices
4- 1% of the population has schizophrenia and 90% heritable

Question 3

Symptoms of schziophrenia

Answer 3

1-Delusions
2- Halucinations
3- Disorganized speech
4- Disorganized or excessively agitated behavior
5- Other symptoms that cause social or occupational dysfunction
6-suffer of a disturbed implicit sense of bodily self.

Question 4

Positive symptoms

Answer 4

an excess or distortion of normal function (hallucinations, delusions)

Question 5

Negative Symptoms

Answer 5

a diminution or absence of normal behaviors related to motivation and interest or expression (blunted affect, speech, social skills)

Question 6

Spectrum disorder

Answer 6

patients may have a variety of symptoms and seem really different from each other

Question 7

Neurological disruptions in Schizophrenia

Answer 7

1- Disruptions in temporal and frontal lobe are most pronounced
2- Parietal lobe is not primarily involved bu may be responsible for several symptoms:
1-Gray matter volume is reduced across parietal lobe
2-during hallucination: postcentral gyrus and inferior parietal activity increase
3-distorted sensory integration
4-poor distinction between self and other.

Question 8

Epigenetics and Development of schizophrenia

Answer 8

1-Must be born with certain genes (genetic predisposition)
2-stressful life events trigger epigenetic changes
3-Schizophrenia emerges

Question 9

Mood disorders

Answer 9

1-Depressed or euphoric disturbance of mood
-serotonin is usually affected

1-Major depression
2-Bipolar disorder

Question 10

Major Depression symptoms

Answer 10

1-Feeling of sadness, emptiness
2-Irritability, frustration
3-Loss of interest in most activities such as sex
4-Sleep disturbance
5-Tiredness and lack of energy
6-reduced appetite and wiegh loss
7- anxiety, agitation
8- slowed thinking
9-thought of death
10 -Can have psychotic symptoms

Question 11

Bipolar disorder

Answer 11

1- Sometimes misdiagnosed as schziophrenia
2- Some patients have more manic episodes
3-Some patients have more depressed episodes
4-can experience psychosis or delusions

Question 12

Symptoms of manic episode

Answer 12

1- Feeling very up high , extremely irritable
2- feeling jumpy or weird
3- having decreased need for sleep
4- talking fast about a lot of different things
5- Racing thoughts
6- having excessive apetitie for sex, food
7- feeling unusually important

Question 13

Symptoms of depressive disorder

Answer 13

1- feeling very down or sad
2- feeling slowed down or restless
3- Trouble falling asleep or waking up too early
4- having trouble concentrating or making decisions
5- having a lack of interest

Question 14

Anxiety disorders

Answer 14

1-Panic disorder
2- Posttraumatic Stressdisorder
3- Generalized anxiety disorder
4- OCD
5-Specific phobias

Question 15

PTSD Biological cause

Answer 15

reduction in cortical thickness around posterior parts of the brain

Question 16

Dementias

Answer 16

1-Taupathies
2-Synucleinopatheis
3-Vascular dementia
4-Mixed dementia
5-Other dementias

Question 17

Alzheimers disease

Answer 17

1- Neuritic Plaque: cerebral cortices feature a dark spot in the center surrounded by a residue of degenerate cells.
2-Cortical shrinkage and atrophy
3-cell changes in the cortex and hippocampıs (spine loss, dendritic tree)