lecture 13

Question 1

Hormones and stress influences?

Answer 1

1- Emergence of disorders and disease
2- severity of symptoms
3-Ability to recover
4-Effectiveness of medications
- Body, sex epigenomes also influence

Question 2

What’s the goal of neuropsychological assessment?

Answer 2

To determine general cognitive function usually conducted by a therapist.

Question 3

What are the roles of Clinical neuropsychologist?

Answer 3

1.Assesment (information gathering and testing)
2. Treatment and intervention
3.Consultation ( patients, families, colleagues)
4.Research
5. Teaching and Supervision

Question 4

Some categories of neuropsychological assessments?

Answer 4

1- Abstract reasoning and conceptualization
2- Attention
3- Memory
4- Motor
5- Orientation

Question 5

CANTAB Assessment tool ?

Answer 5

Computer-based tool used to assess cognitive function (memory, attention, cognitive function)
ex: match to sample task, block tapping

Question 6

Agonist drugs

Answer 6

Mimics a neurotransmitter or hormone. Occupy receptors and activate them

Question 7

Antagonist

Answer 7

Blocks or reduces the biological response

Question 8

Steps in Synaptic Transmission of medication

Answer 8

1-Synthesis
2-Storage
3-Release
4-Rceptor interaction
5-Deactivation
6- Reuptake
7-Degradation

Question 9

Metabolic tolerance

Answer 9

Develops from an increase in enzymes needed to break down alcohol in the liver, blood, and brain. As a result body starts metabolizing more quickliy.

Question 10

Cellular tolerance

Answer 10

Develops as neurons adjust their activities to minimize the effects of alcohol in the blood. Explains why behavioral signs of intoxication may be very low.

Question 11

Learned tolerance

Answer 11

as people learn to cope with the daily demands of living while under the influence of alcohol, they may show reduced signs of drunkenness.

Question 12

How does sensitization work?

Answer 12

Repeated exposure to a drug leads to an increased response over time.
Example: Rats that show sensitization toamohetamine undergo increased dendritic growth.

Question 13

How does sensatization occur?

Answer 13

1-Occurs with drugs and stress
2- body’s response to stress (heart rate etc) can increase with each exposure
3-Mild stressor can become associated with strong stress reponse
4- Someone who has experienced stress will be more responsive to stimulant drugs.

Question 14

Addiction: wanting and liking theory

Answer 14

Liking: pleasurable experience
Wanting: craving
- First, we have an enjoyable experience with drugs afterward brain associates drugs with the emotional experience and it turns into cravings (wanting)

Question 15

Anatomical explanation of addiction

Answer 15

1-Dopamine relates to “wanting “
2-Amygdala, Brainstem, Nucleus Accumbens refers to “liking”

Question 16

3 factors that influence Substance use

Answer 16

1-Genetic inheritance
2- early life experience
3- adult life experience

Question 17

What factors depend on epigenetic changes

Answer 17

1- sensitization of wanting and liking
2- structural changes in the nervous sytem
3- drug-related cue availability
4-Drug type

Question 18

Group 1: Antianxiety agents and sedative hypnotics

Answer 18

Low does reduce anxiety, medium dose sedates, high does coma, very high dose death.

1-Benzodiazepines: Valium ,Xanax
2- Barbiturates: (anesthetic agent )alcohol

Question 19

Group 2: Antipsychotic agents

Answer 19

First generation blocks dopamine D2 receptors.
Second generation weakly block D2 but also block seretonin 5HT-2.

1-First generation : phenotiazines (thorazine)
2- Second generation: Clozaril

Question 20

Group 3: Antidepressants and mod stabilizer

Answer 20

1- Antidepressants
2- MAO inhibitors
3-Tricyclic antidepressants (Tofranil)
Mood stabilizer: Lithium mutes intensity of one pole of the disorder.

Question 21

Group 4: Opioid analgesics

Answer 21

Sleep inducing and pain-relieving effects.
1-Morphine, codeine, heroin
2-Endomorphins

Question 22

Group 5: Psychotropics drugs

Answer 22

General= mood
Behavioral: increase motor behavior, elevate mood
Psychedelic and Hallucinogenic: sensory perception and cognitive process

1-Behavioral stimulants: amphetamine, cocaine
2- Psychedelics and hallucinogenic stimulants :Atropine, nicotine,
3-General stimulant: coffee

Question 23

Therapy vs Medication

Answer 23

1-Varies by a person
2-Usually a combination of both is optimal

Question 24

Effects of therapy

Answer 24

1-Modifies gene expression and brain structure which strengthens connections between neurons.
2- People get better at controlling their emotions so prefrontal cortex changes
3-It may strengthen connections between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex.
4-Long-term skill changes and functional connection leads to better habits and behaviors.