lecture 13 Flashcards
Hormones and stress influences?
1- Emergence of disorders and disease
2- severity of symptoms
3-Ability to recover
4-Effectiveness of medications
- Body, sex epigenomes also influence
What’s the goal of neuropsychological assessment?
To determine general cognitive function usually conducted by a therapist.
What are the roles of Clinical neuropsychologist?
1.Assesment (information gathering and testing)
2. Treatment and intervention
3.Consultation ( patients, families, colleagues)
4.Research
5. Teaching and Supervision
Some categories of neuropsychological assessments?
1- Abstract reasoning and conceptualization
2- Attention
3- Memory
4- Motor
5- Orientation
CANTAB Assessment tool ?
Computer-based tool used to assess cognitive function (memory, attention, cognitive function)
ex: match to sample task, block tapping
Agonist drugs
Mimics a neurotransmitter or hormone. Occupy receptors and activate them
Antagonist
Blocks or reduces the biological response
Steps in Synaptic Transmission of medication
1-Synthesis
2-Storage
3-Release
4-Rceptor interaction
5-Deactivation
6- Reuptake
7-Degradation
Metabolic tolerance
Develops from an increase in enzymes needed to break down alcohol in the liver, blood, and brain. As a result body starts metabolizing more quickliy.
Cellular tolerance
Develops as neurons adjust their activities to minimize the effects of alcohol in the blood. Explains why behavioral signs of intoxication may be very low.
Learned tolerance
as people learn to cope with the daily demands of living while under the influence of alcohol, they may show reduced signs of drunkenness.
How does sensitization work?
Repeated exposure to a drug leads to an increased response over time.
Example: Rats that show sensitization toamohetamine undergo increased dendritic growth.
How does sensatization occur?
1-Occurs with drugs and stress
2- body’s response to stress (heart rate etc) can increase with each exposure
3-Mild stressor can become associated with strong stress reponse
4- Someone who has experienced stress will be more responsive to stimulant drugs.
Addiction: wanting and liking theory
Liking: pleasurable experience
Wanting: craving
- First, we have an enjoyable experience with drugs afterward brain associates drugs with the emotional experience and it turns into cravings (wanting)
Anatomical explanation of addiction
1-Dopamine relates to “wanting “
2-Amygdala, Brainstem, Nucleus Accumbens refers to “liking”
3 factors that influence Substance use
1-Genetic inheritance
2- early life experience
3- adult life experience
What factors depend on epigenetic changes
1- sensitization of wanting and liking
2- structural changes in the nervous sytem
3- drug-related cue availability
4-Drug type
Group 1: Antianxiety agents and sedative hypnotics
Low does reduce anxiety, medium dose sedates, high does coma, very high dose death.
1-Benzodiazepines: Valium ,Xanax
2- Barbiturates: (anesthetic agent )alcohol
Group 2: Antipsychotic agents
First generation blocks dopamine D2 receptors.
Second generation weakly block D2 but also block seretonin 5HT-2.
1-First generation : phenotiazines (thorazine)
2- Second generation: Clozaril
Group 3: Antidepressants and mod stabilizer
1- Antidepressants
2- MAO inhibitors
3-Tricyclic antidepressants (Tofranil)
Mood stabilizer: Lithium mutes intensity of one pole of the disorder.
Group 4: Opioid analgesics
Sleep inducing and pain-relieving effects.
1-Morphine, codeine, heroin
2-Endomorphins
Group 5: Psychotropics drugs
General= mood
Behavioral: increase motor behavior, elevate mood
Psychedelic and Hallucinogenic: sensory perception and cognitive process
1-Behavioral stimulants: amphetamine, cocaine
2- Psychedelics and hallucinogenic stimulants :Atropine, nicotine,
3-General stimulant: coffee
Therapy vs Medication
1-Varies by a person
2-Usually a combination of both is optimal
Effects of therapy
1-Modifies gene expression and brain structure which strengthens connections between neurons.
2- People get better at controlling their emotions so prefrontal cortex changes
3-It may strengthen connections between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex.
4-Long-term skill changes and functional connection leads to better habits and behaviors.
