lecture 11

Question 1

Glia cells

Answer 1

non-neural cells that provide support, protection, and maintanance for neurons.
1-Astrocytes
2-Microglial cells
3-Glia cells connect the spinal cord to organs

Question 2

Astrocytes

Answer 2

1- Star shaped-symmetrical
2-Nutriutuive and support function

Question 3

Microglial cells

Answer 3

1-Small
2-Act as immune cells by removing waste, damage

Question 4

Ganglia cells

Answer 4

1-Clusters of nerve cells located outside of the CNS
2-Processing sensory and autonomic information

Question 5

Haedaches

Answer 5

1-Can be neurological disorders or symptoms of other problems
2-Migraine=neurological disorder.
2-Usually unilateral
3-pain.nausea,vomitting
4-more common in women
5-runs in families
6-85% without aura
7- caused by nerve activation
with or without aura

Question 6

Secondary headaches

Answer 6

1- when the headache is a symptom
2-150 different types with different causes
3-Pressure on cranial nerve activated nociceptors.(pain)

Question 7

Causes of headaches

Answer 7

1-Epilepsy
2-head injuries
3-tumors
4-Infections

Question 8

Assessment tools can be used for brain injury severity

Answer 8

1-Glasgow coma scale
2-Rancho Los Amigos Levels of cognitive scale

Question 9

How do tumors occur?

Answer 9

1-When glia or other support cells form a mass with no physiological functions.
2-Can be malignant (harmful) or benign (harmless)
3-Can put pressure on the brain (encapsulated tumor) or not (infiltrating tumor)
4-Can be filled with fluid (cyst)
5-Can cause seizures or epilepsy

Question 10

Symptoms of Tumors

Answer 10

1-Balance and coordination problems
2-speech difficulty
3-Changes in personality (emotionality, talkativeness)
4-Changes in vision
5-Seizures
6-Headaches

Question 11

Treatments of tumour

Answer 11

1-Chemotherapy
2-Immunotherapy
3-Radiation therapy
4- Surgery

Question 12

Movement disorders

Answer 12

1-Sensory and motor impairments are caused by motor-neuron and spinal cord injury.
2-Multiple sclerosis etc
3-Treatments: physical therapy, pharmacological treatments

Question 13

Motor disorders involving basal ganglia

Answer 13

1- Hyperkinetic disorders such as Huntington’s and Tourette are caused due to inhibitory networks between the basal ganglia and neocortex.
2-Features: unwanted writing movements, tics and vocalizations due to impairment.

Question 14

Parkinson disease

Answer 14

Hypokinetic symptoms due to impairment in excitatory networks between basal ganglia and neocortex.

Question 15

Huntington’s disease

Answer 15

1-Progressive disorder caused by defective gene (chromosome 4).
2-damage is in the central area of the brain affect movement, mood and thinking.

Question 16

Symptoms of Huntingson’s disease

Answer 16

1- involuntarily jerking or fidgety movements of the limbs and body
1-difficulty concentrating and memory lapses
2-depression
3-stumbling and clumsiness
4-mood swing and personality change

Question 17

Parkinsons disease

Answer 17

a brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements such as shaking, stiffness and difficulty with the balance and coordination
-Due to loss of neurons that produce dopamine

Question 18

Tourette’s syndrome

Answer 18

1-condition of the nervous system.
2-Causes people to have tics

Question 18

Symptoms of Parkinsons

Answer 18

1-Symptoms gradually worsen over time
2-difficulty walking and talking
3-Usually live around 10-20 years after diagnosis
4- higher mortality rate between females.

Question 19

Tourette’s syndrome Symptoms

Answer 19

1-Eye blinking and other eye movements
2-facial grimacing
3-shoulder shrugging
4-head or shoulder jerking
5-usually begins between 7-10 years.
6-cooccurs with autism

Question 20

what’s the cause and treatments for Tourette’s syndrome

Answer 20

1-Cause is unknown but the tics are caused by an excess of dopamine in the basal ganglia
2-Treatments: medication, relaxation techniques and psychotherappy.