Lecture 3

Question 1

Aphasia

Answer 1

Language disorder caused by a damage on specific area.

Question 2

Brocas Aphesia

Answer 2

• Difficulty with language production, and grammatical structure.
  -Difficulty with writing or reading.
  -Understanding speech, motor movements and being able to sing familiar songs remain intact.

Question 3

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Answer 3

-Word salad
-Comprehension of language is damaged
-Hard to understand the Wernicke’s patients

Question 4

Anterior Cerebral Circulation

Answer 4

Provides blood flow to anterior parts of the Brain and eyes.

Question 5

Posterior Cerebral circulation

Answer 5

Provides blood flow to the occipital brain, brain stem and posterior brain.
Example: circle of Willis

Question 6

Function of Circle of willis ?

Answer 6

-Main oxygenated blood supplier to the brain.
- Joins several main arteries
- If one artery is blocked allow to reroute and continue function

Question 7

Ischemic stroke

Answer 7

Stroke caused due to blood clotting.

Question 8

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 8

Stoke due to leakage of blood.

Question 9

What are the stroke statistics?

Answer 9

-Stroke is the third leading cause of death.
-Leading cause of long-terms disability.
-Ischemic stroke is 87%
-25% of the people who recover from their 1st stroke is likely to get their 2nd stroke within 5 years.

Question 10

Controllable risk factors of stroke?

Answer 10

1- smoking
2- being inactive
3-high blood pressure
4- diet

Question 11

Uncontrollable risk factor

Answer 11

1- more likely to get it when older
2- men are more likely to get it
3- High chance of inheritance

Question 12

Symptomps of stroke?

Answer 12

-Dizziness, nausea or vomitting
-severe headache
-confusion, disorientation
-memory loss
-loss of vision etc.

Question 13

Results of stroke on the right side?

Answer 13

• Paralysis in the left side of the body.
• Vision problems
• quick purposeless behavior
• memory loss

Question 14

Results of stroke on the left side?

Answer 14

-Paralysis on the right side of the body
-speech language problems
-slow behavior
-memory loss

Question 15

Neuronal asymmetry

Answer 15

Neural branches and connections differ across the brain

Question 16

Genetic asymmetry

Answer 16

Gene expressions occur differently in each hemisphere.

Question 17

Visual asymmetry

Answer 17

If information is presented to the right side of the visual field it is more likely to be processed better on the left hemisphere.

Question 18

Auditory asymmetry

Answer 18

• When a stimuli “ba” presented to the left hemisphere both ipsilateral and contralateral pathways can reach the info and vice versa.
• ıf different information are presented to both ears “ba” on the left “ga” on the right. Ba will reach the right hemisphere and “ga” will reach the left hemisphere. In order for both information to be present in both sides corpus callosum is necessary.
• has less crossed than other systems

Question 19

Right ear advantage

Answer 19

When different stimuli are presented simultaneously to both ears, right ear has preferred acces to speaking hemisphere (left)

Question 20

Example Right ear advantages

Answer 20

1- digits
2-speech
3- nonsense words
(because it connects to left hemisphere)

Question 21

Example Left ear advantage

Answer 21

1- melodies
2-musical cords
3-environmental sounds
(because it connects to right hemisphere)

Question 22

Somatosensory asymmetry

Answer 22

• The left hemisphere of a right-handed person is superior at these tasks.
• For right-handed people: right-hand advantage for identifying the letters and left-hand advantage for identifying shapes.

Question 23

Lateralization

Answer 23

• The brain’s two hemispheres have separate functions.
• Around age 7 the brain is lateralised.

Question 24

What is lateralized?

Answer 24

1-Visual system
2- Auditory system
3- Somatosensory system
4- Movement
5- Memory
6- Language
7- Spatial process

Question 25

Double dissociation

Answer 25

when lesions in the same brain region demonstrate a different function for each hemisphere. Example: your right hemisphere can’t compensate for the language lesion on your left hemisphere.

Question 26

Apraxia

Answer 26

Left hemisphere lesions make it difficult to make or copy voluntary movements. (not due to the muscles due to brain communication)

Question 27

Split brain

Answer 27

When the two brain hemispheres cannot communicate because the corpus callosum has been damaged or severed; as a result sensory information is only available to one side.

Question 28

Projection map

Answer 28

-Hierarchy of functions. ( Subcortical structures (Limbic system) can compensate for complex behaviors)

Question 29

Brodman’s Area (Cytoarchitecture)

Answer 29

-Not concerned with hierarchy
-defined by neural size, shape, packing and the function of the region.