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Neuropsychology > lecture 10 > Flashcards

lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive disorders

A

Systematic difficulties with process related to learning, knowing or understanding.

Ex: Processing information differently.

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2
Q

Psychiatric disorders

A

Systematic difficulties with thoughts, emotions or behaviors.

Ex: Experiencing feeling of paranoia.

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3
Q

Neurological disorders

A

Structural biochemical or electrical abnormalities.

Ex: having physical lesions.
( symptoms didn’t exist before.)

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4
Q

Language Disorder: Paraphasia

A

Adding syllables ( related to Wernickie’s aphasia)

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5
Q

Dyslexia

A

poor fluent/accurate word recognition, poor spelling and difficulty with word coding. It’s a learning disability and neurobiological in nature

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6
Q

Attentional dyslexia

A

multiple letter or words cause difficulty

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7
Q

Neglect dyslexia

A

may misread the first or last part of a word.

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8
Q

Letter-by-letter reaidng

A

affected person reads word only by spelling them out to themselves (aloud or silently)

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9
Q

Deep dyslexia

A

Semantic errors (misreading marry as Christmas because the words are often paired). Troubles more with abstract words and have diffciulty with short term memory.

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10
Q

Phonological dyslexia

A

Inability to read nonwords aloud

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11
Q

Surface dyslexia

A

1- can’t recognize words directly but can understand them by using letter-to sound relation if they sound out the words.
2-It doesn’t develop in languages are written as how the sound.
3-Common symptom of children who have difficulty learning to read.

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12
Q

Dual route of reading: Lexical route

A

1- The person recognizes the whole words and relies on the activation of picture or sound representation from long-term memory.

2- It can recognize all familiar words but it fails with unfamiliar ones because there is no representaion .

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13
Q

Nonlexical route

A

1- Uses a subword procedure based on sound-spelling rules.
2- It can succeed with regular words and nonwords but it can’t succeed with irregular words.

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14
Q

Selective attention

A

paying attention to one thing while ignoring others

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15
Q

Divided
attention

A

1-Paying attention to more than one thing at a time.
2-Hard to do sometimes ( 2 convos at a time)

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16
Q

Attentional capture

A

1- Shift of attention to very salient stimuli (loud noise)
coctail party effect

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17
Q

Quantitive limits of attention

A

1- There are limits to the amount of information in the world that the mind can attend to and process simultaneoulsy.

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18
Q

Serial Bottlenecks

A

1- Limitation that occur in the cognitve processing because the brian can attend to one stimuli at a time. (e.g. :parties)

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19
Q

Early selection theory of serial bottlenecks:

A

Filter occurs before we perceive teh stimulus

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20
Q

Late selection theory of serial bottlenecks:

A

Filter occurs after we perceive the stimulus

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21
Q

Early vs Late processing- who is right?

A

-They both occur depending on the type of information.

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22
Q

Processing capacity

A

Amount of information a person can handle

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23
Q

Perceptual load

A

Relative difficulty of the perceptual task
1-Low load= easy to process
2-High load= harder to process

If you are doing a harder test you are less likely to pay attention to irrelevant stimuli.

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24
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

not noticing something is cleary there when paying attention to other stimuli ( unexpected event)

25
Q

Change blindness

A

Not noticing changes to stimuli when paying attention to other stimuli (presence, identitiy or location)

26
Q

attentional blink

A

Difficult to process back to back stimuli

27
Q

Cognitive control

A

The ability to control cognitive functions which include attention, memory etc.

28
Q

Cognitive load

A

relative difficulty of the cognitive task

29
Q

Endogenous

A

active, top-down, goal-directed intentional
ex: attend to the 4th sound in a sequence

30
Q

Exogenous

A

Passive, bottom-up, stimulus-driven, incidental.
ex: unpredicted changes: be be be be ba be

31
Q

Attention bias toward emotional stimuli

A

1- A lion is an example of emotional stimuli (draws attention due to fear)
2-Paying more attention to your romantic partner.

32
Q

Attention and brain

A

1-Parietal cortex: attention to location
2- Occipitotemporal: attention to features such as color and form
3- Anterior cingulate and prefrontal: visual tasks

33
Q

Attentional disorders

A

ADHD, Aging , Autism,PTSD etc.

34
Q

Topography

A

arrangement of an area

35
Q

Topographic disorientation

A

general inability to navigate through familiar environments. Individuals may struggle to find their way in both known and unfamiliar settings.

36
Q

Ego centric disorientation

A

Difficulty perceiving the relative location of objects with respect to self.
1- able to gesture toward to object eyes open but cannot with eyes closed.
2-Impaired mental rotation: ability to visualize objects from different angles
3-Uniformly impaired in way-finding tasks both in familiar and unfamiliar places.

37
Q

Spatial disorientation

A

Disorientation in the perception of the body or enviroment.
1-Alice in Wonderland effect
2-out of body experience
3-Missing places (hospital lady example)

38
Q

Heading disorientation

A

poor sense of direction, unable to follow a course even when they can recognize the landmarks (Taxi driver being able to recognize the city but doesn’t know where he is and how to proceed his destination )

39
Q

Landmark agnosia

A

unable to use landmarks to orient oneself

40
Q

Anterograde disorientation

A

can navigate familiar but not new enviroment

41
Q

profound amnesia

A

not being able to form new memories.

42
Q

what memory systems are impaired in amnesia?

A

Long terms Memory impaired Short-term and working memory are intact.

43
Q

Human memory?

A

1-Storage and encoding depends on attention
2- memories decay overtime if unused
3-It’s active, interpretive, fallible

44
Q

Emotional memory

A

Memory flow inamygdala

45
Q

Sensory memory (Short-term memory)

A

Brief persistence of perceptions after the sensation passes
1-Iconic: Visual
2-Echoic :auditory
3-Haptic: tactile

46
Q

What is learning and the power-law?

A

The longer you practice something the faster you remember. ( the longer one practices the smaller the practice effect gets.)

47
Q

Learning and Long term potentiation

A

1-Neurons that are activated simultaneously adjust their connection strength over time.
2-They require less and less time to transmit signals between them

48
Q

Brain activation-skill acquisition

A

As people become more proficient at a task they use less of their brain

49
Q

Long term (declarative memory)

A

memory for facts data events

50
Q

Long-term (nondeclarative memories)

A

memory for skills, motor acts routines

51
Q

Retrograde amnesi

A

loss of events before the brain injury

52
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to learn new things

53
Q

Time-dependent retrograde amnesia

A

loss of recently acquired memories that ccured before the injury but still able to remember childhood.

54
Q

Childhood (infantile) amnesia

A

inability to remember events from the first 4 years and fewer events remembered up until the age of 11

55
Q

Fugue state

A

sudden and usually transient memory loss of personal history

56
Q

Medical anomalies

A

1-becoming amnesic for recogniiton of animals but not faces
2-Procedural learning is in intact

57
Q

Barlet’s culture and memory structure

A

1- Read a folk story from another culture and report it later
2-Subject make systematic errors in the reports they interpret stories on their own.

58
Q
A
59
Q

Schema theory

A

Organizing the input according to the existing framework. (unfamiliar story turns into familiar culture )

Neuropsychology (13 decks)

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