Lecture 2

Question 1

What is Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 1

body’s immune system attacks the. myelin cells. The damage on myelin sheets disturbs the communication between the brain and the body.

Question 2

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

Answer 2

-heterogenous symptoms (patients have different symptoms.
-Muscle spasm
-pain
-mobility problem
-sexual problems
-fatigue
-only few symptoms show up
-lifespan is 7 years shorter than general population.

Question 3

Different types of Multiple Sclerosis?

Answer 3

1- Primary Progressive: symptoms onset and progressively get worse. (no reduction in the symptoms.
2-Relapsing Remitting: symptoms disappear and appear over the time.
3-Progressive Relapsing: similar to RR but with every relapse symptoms get worse.
4-Secondary progressive: Occurs after patient had RRMS. remission stops symptoms get worse.

Question 4

What are the 4 types of neutrons?

Answer 4

1-Anaxonic neuron ( no extension)
2- Unipolar: one extension from the cell body
3- Bipolar: 2 extensions from the cell body
4- Multipolar: multiple extensions from the cell body.

Question 5

What is a Pyramidal cell?

Answer 5

-Multipolar neurone found across the brain, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Question 6

What are other multipolar cells?

Answer 6

1-sensory neuron
2-motor neuron
3-Interneuron: communication between sensory and motor cells (brian and spinal cord)

Question 7

what are the 3 mechanisms of change in dna?

Answer 7

1-DNA methylation
2-Histone methylation
3- mRNA modification

Question 8

How can life influence gene expression?

Answer 8

stress can alter methylation

Question 9

what is the resting potential of a neuron?

Answer 9

-70 mv

Question 10

temporal summation

Answer 10

many pulses across time from one source leads to one large signal

Question 11

Spatial Summation

Answer 11

the same timing signal from different sources leads to one big signal.

Question 12

Backpropagation

Answer 12

AI system that copies the hebbian neural function. Learn from errors and improve.

Question 13

synaptic pruning

Answer 13

extra neurons and synapses are removed.

Question 14

Neuroplasticity

Answer 14

physical reorganizatiın after learning or injury

Question 15

Neural flexibility

Answer 15

adaptive functional changes (short term)

Question 16

what are the 4 mechanisms of plasticity?

Answer 16

1-Homologous area adaptation: opposite hemisphere takes over a sensory/cognitive process
2-Cross-modal reassşgnment: loss of one sensory process hightens the rest.
3-Compensatory masquerade: brain uses alternative pathways
4- Map expansion :some areas take on new functions to compensate for loss.

Question 17

cholinergic system

Answer 17

1-wakefullness- alertness
2-plays a role in memory by maintaning neuron excitability.
3- death of these neurons may lead to alzheimer.

Question 18

Dopaminergic system

Answer 18

1- normal motor behavior
2- loss of it can lead to Parkinson’s
3- feeling of reward and pleasure
3-drugs and behaviors
4- increase schizophrenia, decrease attention deficit

Question 19

Seretonergic System

Answer 19

-change in balance lead to OCD, tics, schizophrenia
-decrease depression
-abnormalities sleep apnea

Question 20

Noradrenergic system

Answer 20

-maintans the emotional tone
-decrease relates to depression
-increase leads to mania
-Decrease may lead to hyperactivity and attention deficit

Question 21

Single-cell recording

Answer 21

-Invasive
-cant be used to study humans
-measuring one cell

Question 22

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer 22

-Good temporal and spatial location
-Can be used to plan surgeries for epilepsy detect the time and place of the seizure

Question 23

EEG

Answer 23

• electrical charges of neurons are recorded
  -Good temporal poor spatial
  -Not invasive

Question 24

Event-related potential

Answer 24

-ERPs are electrical brain responses linked to specific events, providing valuable insights into the timing and nature of cognitive processes.