Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is Multiple Sclerosis
body’s immune system attacks the. myelin cells. The damage on myelin sheets disturbs the communication between the brain and the body.
Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?
-heterogenous symptoms (patients have different symptoms.
-Muscle spasm
-pain
-mobility problem
-sexual problems
-fatigue
-only few symptoms show up
-lifespan is 7 years shorter than general population.
Different types of Multiple Sclerosis?
1- Primary Progressive: symptoms onset and progressively get worse. (no reduction in the symptoms.
2-Relapsing Remitting: symptoms disappear and appear over the time.
3-Progressive Relapsing: similar to RR but with every relapse symptoms get worse.
4-Secondary progressive: Occurs after patient had RRMS. remission stops symptoms get worse.
What are the 4 types of neutrons?
1-Anaxonic neuron ( no extension)
2- Unipolar: one extension from the cell body
3- Bipolar: 2 extensions from the cell body
4- Multipolar: multiple extensions from the cell body.
What is a Pyramidal cell?
-Multipolar neurone found across the brain, amygdala, and hippocampus.
What are other multipolar cells?
1-sensory neuron
2-motor neuron
3-Interneuron: communication between sensory and motor cells (brian and spinal cord)
what are the 3 mechanisms of change in dna?
1-DNA methylation
2-Histone methylation
3- mRNA modification
How can life influence gene expression?
stress can alter methylation
what is the resting potential of a neuron?
-70 mv
temporal summation
many pulses across time from one source leads to one large signal
Spatial Summation
the same timing signal from different sources leads to one big signal.
Backpropagation
AI system that copies the hebbian neural function. Learn from errors and improve.
synaptic pruning
extra neurons and synapses are removed.
Neuroplasticity
physical reorganizatiın after learning or injury
Neural flexibility
adaptive functional changes (short term)
what are the 4 mechanisms of plasticity?
1-Homologous area adaptation: opposite hemisphere takes over a sensory/cognitive process
2-Cross-modal reassşgnment: loss of one sensory process hightens the rest.
3-Compensatory masquerade: brain uses alternative pathways
4- Map expansion :some areas take on new functions to compensate for loss.
cholinergic system
1-wakefullness- alertness
2-plays a role in memory by maintaning neuron excitability.
3- death of these neurons may lead to alzheimer.
Dopaminergic system
1- normal motor behavior
2- loss of it can lead to Parkinson’s
3- feeling of reward and pleasure
3-drugs and behaviors
4- increase schizophrenia, decrease attention deficit
Seretonergic System
-change in balance lead to OCD, tics, schizophrenia
-decrease depression
-abnormalities sleep apnea
Noradrenergic system
-maintans the emotional tone
-decrease relates to depression
-increase leads to mania
-Decrease may lead to hyperactivity and attention deficit
Single-cell recording
-Invasive
-cant be used to study humans
-measuring one cell
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
-Good temporal and spatial location
-Can be used to plan surgeries for epilepsy detect the time and place of the seizure
EEG
- electrical charges of neurons are recorded
-Good temporal poor spatial
-Not invasive
Event-related potential
-ERPs are electrical brain responses linked to specific events, providing valuable insights into the timing and nature of cognitive processes.
