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1st Year: Neuroscience Keele > Lecture 30: Development of the nerve system3 > Flashcards

Lecture 30: Development of the nerve system3 Flashcards

1
Q

whats a 16 celled human embryo called?

A

morula

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2
Q

what day is fertilisation?

A

Day 0

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3
Q

what happens in Day 1 of the embryo ?

A

first cleavage

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4
Q

what happens in Days 2, 3 , 4 ?

A

2 - two cell stage and4 cell stage
3 - 8 cell uncompacted morula
4- 8 cell compacted morula

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5
Q

when is an early blastocyst formed?

A

Day 5

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6
Q

what happens in days 6 - 7?

A

late stage blastocyst

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7
Q

In day 5 what forms in the embryo?

A

inner cell mass

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8
Q

by days 6 - 7 what can be found in the embryo?

A

polar trophectoderm
epiblast
primitive endoderm
mural trophectoderm

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9
Q

what happens to a 7.5 day blastocyst?

A

Endometrium erodes

cells of embryonic disk separated from amnion by a fluid filled space

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10
Q

what happens to a 12 day blastocyst ?

A

This is when implantation is complete, extra embryonic mesoderm is forming a discrete layer beneath the cytotrophoblasts.

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11
Q

what happens to a 16- day embryo?

A

cytotrophoblast and mesoderm = chorion, chorionic villi elaborate.
embryo contains three germ layers, yolk sac, and allantois, which forms basis of umbilical cord

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12
Q

what forms the embryonic disc?

A

epiblast (ectoderm)
mesoderm
prospective endoderm
endoblasts

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13
Q

what does the endoderm layer become?

A
  1. digestive system
  2. liver
  3. pancreas
  4. lungs (inner layers)
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14
Q

what does the mesoderm layer become?

A
  1. circulatory system
  2. lungs (epithelial layers)
  3. sekeltal system
  4. muscular system
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15
Q

what does the ectoderm layer become?

A

hair
nails
skin
nervous system

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16
Q

what three things also occur during development?

A

cells differentiate
cells migrate and aggregate
cells form functional relationships

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17
Q

what does it mean when cells differentiate?

A

Some become muscle cells, some become neurones, and so on.

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18
Q

what happens when Cells Migrate & Aggregate

?

A

They make their way to appropriate sites and to form structures.

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19
Q

what happens when Cells form Functional Relationships?

A

They form integrated and interconnected systems that mediating complex tasks.

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20
Q

what are the 5 phases in which the nervous system develops?

A

Neurulation

Neural Proliferarion

Neural Migration, Aggregation & Differentiation

Neurite Growth

Neuronal Death & Synapse Rearrangement

21
Q

what is neurulation?

A

formation of the neural tube

22
Q

what is a neural plate?

A

a patch of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the developing embryo

23
Q

what forms from the neural plate?

A

neural grooves

24
Q

what happens after the neural groove is formed?

A
  • The walls of the neural groove (neural folds) come together and fuse.
  • Some ectodermal tissue is pinched off and forms the neural crest.
25
Q

at what day is the neural tube fully formed?

A

24 days

26
Q

Neural Proliferation

During the early embryonic stage, the nervous system consists of __ ______ _____.

A

3 interconnected chambers

27
Q

Neural Proliferation

The 3 chambers will form the ______ and the tissue surrounding them will form the ____ _____ and _______.

A

ventricles
forebrian
mid brain
hindbrain

28
Q

what ventricles link to the forebrain ?

A

lateral

third

29
Q

what ventricle links to the midbrain?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

30
Q

what ventricle links to the hindbrain?

A

fourth

31
Q

what happens once the Once the neural tube has completely fused together ?

A

cells of the ventricular zone begin to multiply

32
Q

Neural Migration, Aggregation & Differentiation

what happens to new neurones formed ta this stage?

A

migrate away from the inner surface of the neural tube, guided to new location either physically (along glial cells) or chemically.

33
Q

Neural Migration, Aggregation & Differentiation

Why does the thickness of the neural tube increase?

A

brain structures begin to form and coalesce

34
Q

Neural Migration, Aggregation & Differentiation

what cells in the Ventricular zone?

A

progenitor cells

35
Q

Neural Migration, Aggregation & Differentiation

whats found in the Intermediate zone?

A

subcortical structures and white matter

36
Q

Neural Migration, Aggregation & Differentiation

whats found at the cordial plate?

A

cerebral cortex

37
Q

Neural Migration, Aggregation & Differentiation

Once developing neurons have migrated, they must ____ ___ ___ _____ in the same region.

A

align with other neurones

38
Q

Neural Migration, Aggregation & Differentiation

what mediates aggregation ?

A

cell adhesion molecules

39
Q

Neural Migration, Aggregation & Differentiation

what ability do cell adhesion molecules have?

A

ability to recognise proteins on other neurones and stick to them.

40
Q

what do Extracellular molecular signals help to give pyramidal cells ?

A

distinctive shape

41
Q

A protein called _____ is released by cells up in the marginal zone that ___ axons and ____ dendrites thus altering the morphology of pyramidal cells.

A

semaphoring 3A
repels
attracts

42
Q

migration, aggregation and differentiation continue causing?

A

the brain to start to take shape.

43
Q

what make stem shape of the brain?

A
  1. flexures (bends)
  2. Differentiation and enlargement of the various brain regions.
  3. Growth of portions of the cerebral hemispheres over the diencephalon, midbrain, and cerebellum.
  4. The formation of sulci and gyri in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices.
44
Q

where does the first major change to the brain occure?

A

first major changes occur in the forebrain, telencephalon extends laterally and posteriorly.

45
Q

what also develops early on?

A

the visual and olfactory systems

46
Q

How do the cerebral hemispheres grow?

A

cerebral hemispheres grow laterally to cover the diencephalon.

47
Q

_______ bulbs and _____ stalks sprout.

A

olfactory

optic

48
Q

what happens By the beginning of the third trimester?

A

structures of the brain are clearly distinguishable

49
Q

The development of the ____ outpaces the capacity of the ______ to accommodate it!

A

cortex

cerebrum

1st Year: Neuroscience Keele (28 decks)

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