Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1st Year: Neuroscience Keele > Lecture 15: chemical brain > Flashcards

Lecture 15: chemical brain Flashcards

1
Q

wat is a chemical signal?

A

neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two types of signalling with neurotransmitters?

A

Electrical

Effects on cell metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens with a action potential at the synapse?

A
  1. action potential reaches pre synaptic terminal
  2. calcium channels open
  3. vesicles fuse with membrane and undergo exocytosis
  4. neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
  5. neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neurone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what stem criteria for defining a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. substance present in presynaptic cell
  2. substance must be released upon the arrival of an action potential
  3. Specific receptors must be present on the postsynaptic cell
  4. Inactivation of the substance must occur
  5. substance is applied to the postsynaptic cell directly, it should have the same effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

glutamate is ______ and GABA is ______.

A
  1. excitatory

2. inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 3 catecholamines?

A

Dopamine
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

monoamines include?

A

Catecholamines Indoleamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name a Indoleamine?

A

Serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ionotropic receptors are also called what?

A

ligand-gated ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

EPSP is ?

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

IPSP is?

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ionotropic receptors are _____ acting.

A

fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are glutamate inotropic

receptors?

A

NMDA, AMPA and kianate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are glutamate matabotropic receptors?

A

mGluR group I

mGluR group II

mGluR group III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

glutamate causes ___ to come in causing ______.

A
  1. sodium

2. depolarisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

glutamate is ______, it can be taken out my a neighbouring ____ cell.

A
  1. recycled

2. glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what would happen if glutamate ermine din the synaptic cleft?

A

there could be exitotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where is GABA synthesised?

A

at the axon terminal by glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are GABA inotropic

receptors?

A

GABA(A)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are GABA Metabotropic receptors?

A

GABA(B)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does GABA allow to enter?

A

negatively charged chloride ions (hyper polarises the cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GABA causes a _____ in membrane potential because the cell is ________.

A
  1. decrease

2. hyperpolarised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

is GABA inhibitory?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Glutamate and GABA are extremely important in the ______ ______.

A

Basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

to produce acetylcholine acetate has to become what?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where is Acetyl coenzyme A released from?

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A combines with _____ to form acetylcholine.

A

1.choline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does acetylcholine bind too?

A

Binds to specific ACh receptors on the postsynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is acetylcholine inotropic receptor?

A

Nicotinic - fast acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what also binds to the Nicotinic receptor?

A

nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is acetylcholine metabotropic receptor?

A

Muscarinic – slow acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

acetylcholine is broken down by?

A

acetylcholinesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what happens when acetylcholine is broken down?

A

choline is transported back.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Glutamate and GABA are very ____ _____ throughout the brain.

A

1.wide spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

is acetylcholine more localised then glutamate and GABA?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

acetylcholine is important for what?

A

muscle movement and voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

acetylcholine is found in which parts of the brain?

A

cortex and hippocampus,

striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

in what form is acetylcholine found in the striatum?

A

form of interneurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

acetylcholine can be involved in ____ and _______.

A
  1. arousal

2. attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

acetylcholine in the heart slows down what?

A

herat rate

41
Q

acetylcholine in muscles ______ muscle movement.

A

increases

42
Q

what does a agonist do?

A

mimics the action of the neurotransmitter

43
Q

what does a Antagonist do?

A

blocks the action of the neurotransmitter

44
Q

Name two agnoists?

A

Nicotine

Muscarine

45
Q

Name to Antagonists?

A

Curare

Atropine

46
Q

what does Latrotoxin do?

A

comes from poisonous spiders, increases ACh effects – forms pores in membrane

47
Q

what does Botulinum toxin (BOTOX) do?

A

decreases ACh effects – prevents vesicle fusion

48
Q

Are Noradrenaline and Norepinepherin exactly the same?

A

yes

49
Q

what is noradrenaline synthesised from?

A

dopamine via dopamine beta- hydroxylase

50
Q

Noradrenaline can become?

A

adrenaline

51
Q

Noradrenaline binds to what?

A

alpha or beta metabotropic receptors

52
Q

Noradrenaline is ____ acting.

A

slow

53
Q

whats an example of what Noradrenaline does?

A
  1. binds to beta receptor
  2. activates G protein
  3. increases effector adenyl cyclase
  4. increases cAMP
  5. increases protein kinase
  6. increases protein phosphorylation
54
Q

Noradrenaline can mainly be found in the?

A

locus coeruleus

55
Q

locus coeruleus projects noradrenaline to which other parts of the brain?

A

cortex and hippocampus

56
Q

noradrenaline is involved in ….

A
  1. Attention and memory during cognitive tasks
  2. arousal
  3. sleep-wake cycle
57
Q

noradrenaline modulates ___ __ ______ via the ______ nervous system

A
  1. fight or flight

2. sympathetic

58
Q

where does dopamine reside and where does it project too?

A

resides in the substantial nigra

projects to the striatum

59
Q

dopamine pathway is involved in functions such as?

A
  1. reward
  2. pleasure,euphoria
  3. motor function
  4. compulsion
  5. preservation
60
Q

serotonin pathway is involved in functions such as?

A

mood
memory processing
sleep
cognition

61
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway is a critical pathway in the ___ _____.

A

basal ganglia

62
Q

what neurone does the striatum contain?

A

medium spiny neurons

63
Q

what type of medium spiny neurons are excited by dopamine?

A

those expressing dopamine D1 receptors

64
Q

MSNs expressing dopamine D2 receptors are what by dopamine?

A

inhibited by dopamine

65
Q

what happens when dopamine minds to dopamine D2 receptors ?

A
  1. binds to dopamine D2
  2. activates Gi protein
  3. decreases effector adenyl cyclase
  4. decreases cAMP
  5. decreasesprotein kinase
  6. decreases protein phosphorylation
66
Q

Parkinson’s Disease is a ______ _______.

A
  1. hypokinetic

2. disorder

67
Q

Parkinson’s is what kind of condition?

A

neurodegenerative condition

68
Q

what happens to dopamine during Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • Dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra undergo cell death
  • disorder of basal ganglia causing less movement
69
Q

what are symptoms of pakinsons disease?

A 
• Bradykinesia
– Slowness of movement 
– Shuffling gait
• Akinesia
– Difficulty initiating movements
• Rigidity due to increased muscle tone
• Resting tremor
• Depression
70
Q

what are treatments for Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • L-DOPA
  • Deep brain stimulation
  • Anticholinergic drugs
    (Not used much nowadays)
  • Cell transplantation
71
Q

where is the Ventral tegmental area located?

A

in the midbrain

72
Q

Ventral tegmental area is known as the _____ leaning centre.

A

1.reward

73
Q

Dopaminergic cell bodies reside in the ___

A

VTA

74
Q

Tonic firing of dopamine neurones causes what?

A

small spikes, not sufficient to evoke response

75
Q

what are the two types of firing in the VTA?

A

tonic and phasic

76
Q

Phasic firing of dopamine neurones causes what?

A

large spikes, leading to dopamine being released at presynaptic neurone and receptors being activated.

77
Q

what did Schultz do?

A
  • recorded from the VTA of monkeys

- trained to link visual cue with reward

78
Q

what is the nucleus accumbens known as?

A

motivational centre

79
Q

what experiment shows how dopamine is linked to motivation?

A

Healthy rat would travel more to get more food.

rats with no dopamine would take the easy route with little food.

80
Q

what does cocaine do (linked to dopamine)?

A

blocks dopamine transporter

81
Q

why does someone get addicted to cocaine?

A

nucleus accumbens gets more and more dopamine, become addicted.

82
Q

what are the pleasure peptides in the brain?

A

Opioids

83
Q

what do opioids bind too?

A

bind to opioid G-protein coupled receptors

84
Q

Name 4 opioid drugs?

A

Morphine
Opium
Heroin
Fentanyl

85
Q

Name 4 Endogenous opioids?

A

ß-Endorphin
Enkephalin
Dynorphin
Nociceptin

86
Q

How is serotonin made?

A

form Tryptophan

87
Q

where do we get Tryptophan from?

A

diet

88
Q

which serotonin receptor is inotropic ?

A

5HT3 is ionotropic

majority metabotropic

89
Q

serotonin is also known as?

A

5-HT

90
Q

whats the main region for serotonin?

A

raphe nuclei

91
Q

serotonin is projected to the?

A

forebrain

92
Q

serotonin is removed form the synaptic cleft via?

A

SERT

93
Q

what do SSRI’s do?

A

keep serotonin in the synaptic cleft (used to treat depression)

94
Q

which neuropeptides increase apetite?

A

Orexigenic neuropeptide:
NPY
AgRP

95
Q

which neuropeptides decrease apetite?

A

Anorexigenic neuropeptides:
pomC
CART

96
Q

what is leptin involved in?

A

Leptin is a key hormone involved in the regulation of food uptake and energy expenditure

97
Q

where is leptin synthesised from?

A

adipose tissue

98
Q

leptin ____ appetite?

A

decreases

1st Year: Neuroscience Keele (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions