Lecture 13 & 14 - Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

What are the meninges?

Answer 1

The meninges are three protective layers that support the brain within the cranial cavity
These three layers extend past the brain stem and the spinal cord.

Question 2

What is the Dura Mater?

Answer 2

the outermost layer which is characteristically tough and thick

Question 3

What is the Arachnoid space?

Answer 3

the namesake comes from its spiderlike processes that extend it to the third layer (Pia)

Question 4

What is the Pia mater?

Answer 4

a thin, delicate layer of cells which invests the surface of the brain

Pia mater sticks to the brain, where as arachnoid does not therefore a significant amount of CSF fills the space (known as cisterns)

Question 5

In anatomical terms what is the outermost layer of the brain?

Answer 5

cortex

Question 6

What is the cerebral cortex comprised of?

Answer 6

Isocortex (neocortex)

Allocortex

Question 7

How many layers does the neocortex have?

Answer 7

6

Question 8

What is the allocortex further divided into?

Answer 8

archiocortex

paleocortex

Question 9

What is the neocortex responsible for?

Answer 9

For sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought, and in humans, language

Question 10

What does the paleocortex consist of?

Answer 10

consists of the piriform cortex (specialised for olfaction) and entorhinal cortex (hippocampus)

Question 11

What does the archiocortex consist of?

Answer 11

this consists of the hippocampus which is a 3-layered cortex and deals with encoding declaritive memory and spatial functions

Question 12

What does lissencephalic mean?

Answer 12

This means that a brain does not have gyri, sulci or fissures

Question 13

Which animals may have a lissencephalic brain?

Answer 13

Mouse,

Lissencephalic means that their brains can hold less neurons, hence leaving them in their primitive state of being

Question 14

What is the insula?

Answer 14

a small region of the cerebral cortex located deep within the lateral sulcus, which is a large fissure that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Question 15

What is the operculum?

Answer 15

may refer to the frontal, temporal, or parietaloperculum, which together cover the insula as theoperculaof insula. It can also refer to the occipitaloperculum, part of the occipital lobe.

Question 16

What is Wernicke’s area?

Answer 16

showcases where about certain sensory control centers on a topographic map

Question 17

What do cortical neurones consist of?

Answer 17

spiny neurons and non-spiny neurons, the non-spiny neurons consisted of unipolar, bipolar and axodendritic synapses.

Question 18

What is the tripartite synapse?

Answer 18

Tripartite synapserefers to the functional integration and physical proximity of the presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, and their intimate association with surrounding glia as well as the combined contributions of these threesynaptic components to the production of activity at the chemicalsynapse

Question 19

What is layer I of the neocortex?

Answer 19

Layer I is the molecular layer and contains neuropil and very little neurons

Question 20

What is layer II of the neocortex?

Answer 20

Layer II is the external granule layer

Question 21

What is layer III of the neocortex?

Answer 21

Layer III is the external pyramidal layer

Question 22

What is layer IV of the neocortex?

Answer 22

Layer IV is the internal granule layer

Question 23

What is layer V of the neocortex?

Answer 23

Layer V is the internal pyramidal layer

Question 24

What is layer VI of the neocortex?

Answer 24

Layer VI is the multiform of fusiform laye

Question 25

What are layers II and III composed of?

Answer 25

Layers II/III are composed of mostly small pyramidal neurons and stellate cells (smooth and spiny) and layer IV of stellate cells.

Question 26

What does layer V consist of?

Answer 26

Layer V contains mostly cell bodies of large pyramidal cells and layer VI mostly fusiform cells.

Question 27

What is sensory homunculus?

Answer 27

What the sensory homunculus does, is that it is a map of the body’s sensations on to the surface of the brain, which is known as somatotopy

Question 28

What is the Whiskers to barrel system?

Answer 28

Cortical maps recapitulate peripheral order

The body vibrissae of manatees may help to detect the movements of other animals, water currents, tidal flows and changes in the contours of the seabed in their shallow-water environment.

Whiskersare alsoimportantin indicating an animal’s state of mind, and play a role in various social behaviours.

Question 29

What do Basket cells do to control overall potentials of target cells?

Answer 29

basket cells inhibit synapses

Question 30

what is phantom limb?

Answer 30

this is where an individual has lost a limb and still feels that it is attached to their body, some may experience phantom pain