Lecture 2 - Cells of the nervous system Flashcards
Dendrites receive what kind of input?
synaptic
do dendrites have spines?
some do
does an axon transmit output or input?
output
when axons branch what do they form?
collaterals
where do microtubules move materials in nerve cells?
in an axon they move materials from the soma to the terminal (anterograde)
where can microtubules be found?
all eukaryotic organisms
where can synapses be found?
at the axon terminal
what does the axon terminal contain?
mitochondria and vesicles
where are neurotransmitters made?
at the axon terminal
how are vesicles discharged?
discharged by exocytosis
what receptors bind neurotransmitters?
post-synaptic receptors
what happens once the neurotransmitters are bound?
destruction or re-uptake
Why is neurotransmitter destruction or reuptake necessary?
to prevent over stimulation of the _______
whats exocytosis?
it is when actin moves vesicles to the active zone
The vesicles then attach to the presynaptic membrane and fuse with it
what do projection neutrons attach too?
they connect with sense organs or muscles
projection neurones have ______ axons and internerounes have___ axons
- long
2. short
what do interneurones connect too?
only connects with other neurones
how do sensory neurones work?
The sensory neurones detect stimuli from the environment or inside the body. They connect to other neurones to convey the sensory information to the brain or spinal cord.
what are motor neurones in the Brain called?
upper motor neurones
what are motor neurones in the spine called?
lower motor neurones
where do motor neurones receive information from?
other neurones
List the types of glia in the CNS?
Astrocytes Microglia Radial “Bergmann” glia Oligodendroglia Other non-neurones Ependyma
What are Schwann cells?
Schwann cells make myelin.
Increases conduction velocity.
Guides axon growth and permits regeneration.
What makes myelin in the CNS?
In the CNS;
Oligodendrocytes make myelin.
Increases conduction velocity.
Inhibit axon growth and regeneration.
What happens at the CNS-PNS border as there are different glia that make myelin in both?
At the border between PNS and CNS (e.g. a spinal nerve):
There is an astroglial border(the glial margin)
Axons traverse the border from PNS to CNS
Schwann cells end
Oligodendrocytes begin
Both can myelinate the same axon
What was interesting about Einstein’s brain?
regions involved in speech and language are smaller
regions involved with numerical and spatial processing are larger
There is an increased number of glial cells (Fields and Douglas, 2009)
