Lecture 2 - Cells of the nervous system

Question 1

Dendrites receive what kind of input?

Answer 1

synaptic

Question 2

do dendrites have spines?

Answer 2

some do

Question 3

does an axon transmit output or input?

Answer 3

output

Question 4

when axons branch what do they form?

Answer 4

collaterals

Question 5

where do microtubules move materials in nerve cells?

Answer 5

in an axon they move materials from the soma to the terminal (anterograde)

Question 6

where can microtubules be found?

Answer 6

all eukaryotic organisms

Question 7

where can synapses be found?

Answer 7

at the axon terminal

Question 8

what does the axon terminal contain?

Answer 8

mitochondria and vesicles

Question 9

where are neurotransmitters made?

Answer 9

at the axon terminal

Question 10

how are vesicles discharged?

Answer 10

discharged by exocytosis

Question 11

what receptors bind neurotransmitters?

Answer 11

post-synaptic receptors

Question 12

what happens once the neurotransmitters are bound?

Answer 12

destruction or re-uptake

Question 13

Why is neurotransmitter destruction or reuptake necessary?

Answer 13

to prevent over stimulation of the _______

Question 14

whats exocytosis?

Answer 14

it is when actin moves vesicles to the active zone

The vesicles then attach to the presynaptic membrane and fuse with it

Question 15

what do projection neutrons attach too?

Answer 15

they connect with sense organs or muscles

Question 16

projection neurones have ______ axons and internerounes have___ axons

Answer 16

1. long

2. short

Question 17

what do interneurones connect too?

Answer 17

only connects with other neurones

Question 18

how do sensory neurones work?

Answer 18

The sensory neurones detect stimuli from the environment or inside the body. They connect to other neurones to convey the sensory information to the brain or spinal cord.

Question 19

what are motor neurones in the Brain called?

Answer 19

upper motor neurones

Question 20

what are motor neurones in the spine called?

Answer 20

lower motor neurones

Question 21

where do motor neurones receive information from?

Answer 21

other neurones

Question 22

List the types of glia in the CNS?

Answer 22

Astrocytes
Microglia
Radial “Bergmann” glia
Oligodendroglia
Other non-neurones
Ependyma

Question 23

What are Schwann cells?

Answer 23

Schwann cells make myelin.
Increases conduction velocity.
Guides axon growth and permits regeneration.

Question 24

What makes myelin in the CNS?

Answer 24

In the CNS;
Oligodendrocytes make myelin.
Increases conduction velocity.
Inhibit axon growth and regeneration.

Question 25

What happens at the CNS-PNS border as there are different glia that make myelin in both?

Answer 25

At the border between PNS and CNS (e.g. a spinal nerve):
There is an astroglial border(the glial margin)
Axons traverse the border from PNS to CNS
Schwann cells end
Oligodendrocytes begin
Both can myelinate the same axon

Question 26

What was interesting about Einstein’s brain?

Answer 26

regions involved in speech and language are smaller
regions involved with numerical and spatial processing are larger
There is an increased number of glial cells (Fields and Douglas, 2009)