Lecture 30 - Classification, Grading and Staging Flashcards
Monoclonal cells?
group of cells from single ancestral cell
Multiple Myeloma?
neoplasm of plasma cells, produces single antibody
Why classify tumours?
because cells differ in cell of origin, behaviour, clinical presentation, prognosis, treatment
Grading?
degree of growth, relating to: differentiation, nuclear changes, mitotic activity
Staging definition?
measure of extent of tumour growth based on clinical, radiological and pathological features (also serum markers)
Aspects of histological grading?
lymphocytes, cytogenic changes, proliferation, suppressor/oncogenes
TNM staging system
tumour, nodal metastasis, distant metastasis
Metastases types?
lymphatic spread, venous spread, serosal cavities, nerves
Benign Epithelial Tumour Types?
adenomas, papillomas, cystadenomas; regular tightly packed cells, dysplasia indicates premalignancy
Carcinomas?
Preceded by in situ growth phase, malignant once invasive, spread to lymph nodes, bones and viscera,
Treatment of Carcinomas?
mainly surgery, varying response to radiation and chemotherapy
Melanocytic Tumor types?
Naevi (benign) and melanoma (malignant)
Melanocytic tumor characteristics?
spread via lymphatics and blood stream, mainly surgical treatment, contain spindle, round and pleomorphic cells, cytokeratin negative
Connetive tissue tumor characteristics?
commonly benign, spread via bloodstream mainly to lungs, combination treatment (all 3), same cell types as melanocytic, cytokeratin negative
Lymphoma characteristics?
no benigns, no in situ phase, spread to other lymph nodes (extranodal), non-cohesive round cells, cytokeratin negative, leukocyte common antigen positive
