lecture 3 immunology of the gut

Question 1

intestinal tract

Answer 1

mucosal

Question 2

what is between the epithelial cells

Answer 2

tight junctions

Question 3

ph of the gut

Answer 3

low

Question 4

other protection mechs of the gut

Answer 4

antibacterial peptides
commensal floral
goblet cells

Question 5

what secretes antibacterial peptides

Answer 5

paneth cells

Question 6

what do goblet cells secrete

Answer 6

mucins

Question 7

MALT

Answer 7

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Question 8

pattern of commensal bacteria in the intestinal tract

Answer 8

increase as you go down

Question 9

where would you find more anaerobes

Answer 9

large intestine

Question 10

what is coeliac disease

Answer 10

when the immune system responds to gluten in food

Question 11

IBD

Answer 11

inflammatory response to intestinal bacteria

Question 12

division of the immune system

Answer 12

innate and adaptive

Question 13

whch immune system has low specifity

Answer 13

innate

Question 14

what response do you get with activation of conditioned dendritic cells

Answer 14

T reg

Question 15

shape of B cell receptors

Answer 15

same shape as the antibodies they produce

Question 16

how can antibodies affect viruses

Answer 16

bind to them and stop them entering host cells

Question 17

what presents the antigen to T cells

Answer 17

MHC on APC

Question 18

subsets of Thelper cells

Answer 18

Th1
Th2
Th17

Question 19

Th1 produces

Answer 19

interferron gamma

Question 20

Th2 produces

Answer 20

IL4 and IL5

Question 21

Th17 produces

Answer 21

IL-17

Question 22

what controls the T effector cells

Answer 22

T reg cells

Question 23

T reg cytokines

Answer 23

IL-10 and TGF beta

Question 24

what are TH1 good against

Answer 24

intracellular pathogens

Question 25

Th2 is good against

Answer 25

extracellular pathogens e.g. helminths

Question 26

Th17 are good for

Answer 26

extracellular bacteria and fungi

Question 27

organised immune tissues are called

Answer 27

induction sites

Question 28

examples of organised immune tissues in the gut

Answer 28

peyer's patches, lymphoid follicles and mesenteric lymph nodes

Question 29

peyers patch location

Answer 29

small intestine

Question 30

what drains the intestinal tract

Answer 30

mesenteric lymph nodes

Question 31

where do you find isolated lymphoid tissues

Answer 31

small and large

Question 32

scattered lymphoid cells are called

Answer 32

effector sites

Question 33

examples of scattered lymphoid cells

Answer 33

lamina propria leukocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes

Question 34

what are M cells good at

Answer 34

taking up antigens from the lumen

Question 35

what are M cells

Answer 35

microfold cells

Question 36

how do M cells take up antigens

Answer 36

endocytosis or phagocytosis

Question 37

what do M cells do with the antigen

Answer 37

take them into the lamina propria and give them to the dendritic cells

Question 38

how may pathogens use the M cells

Answer 38

use them to gain access to the rest of the body

Question 39

example of a disease which abuses M cells

Answer 39

polio

Question 40

what are N butyrate and acetate propionate

Answer 40

short chain fatty acids

Question 41

how can N butyrate and acetate propionate affect T cells

Answer 41

instruct naive T cells to become regulatory T cells

Question 42

dominant antibody in the blood

Answer 42

IgG

Question 43

dominant antibody in the gut

Answer 43

IgA

Question 44

IgA formation in the blood

Answer 44

monomeric

Question 45

what is monomeric IgA

Answer 45

one molecule

Question 46

what is dimeric IgA

Answer 46

two IgA held together by a J chain

Question 47

where do you find dimeric IgA

Answer 47

intestinal tract

Question 48

where are there receptors for the IgA

Answer 48

lamina propria

Question 49

what are the receptors for the IgA called

Answer 49

poly-ig receptor

Question 50

how does the poly-ig receptor work

Answer 50

transports the IgA to the luminal side | some ofthe receptor is cleaved

Question 51

on the lumnial side what is the remainder of the poly-ig receptor called

Answer 51

secretary component

Question 52

what does the secretary component do

Answer 52

helps IgAstick to the lumen

Question 53

good about IgA

Answer 53

cant activate the complement so we dont get inflammation

Question 54

what happensto IgA deficient people

Answer 54

IgM replaces it

Question 55

what is the strcture of IgM

Answer 55

5 molecules held by a J chain

Question 56

if a conditioned dendritic cell is activated what response do you get

Answer 56

T reg

Question 57

what does TLR2 recognise

Answer 57

peptidoglycan

Question 58

TLR4 recognises

Answer 58

LPS

Question 59

where are TLR expressed

Answer 59

epithelium

Question 60

where is TLR4 expressed

Answer 60

in the crypts of the epithelium

Question 61

where is TLR5 expressed

Answer 61

basolateral side

Question 62

how have commensal bacteria changed so they arent recognised by the immune system

Answer 62

flagellin has changed so not recognised by TLR5

Question 63

food enters themouth and dosent cause a response what is this

Answer 63

oral tolerance

Question 64

mutations predisposing IBD

Answer 64

NOD2 and IL23

Question 65

who expresses NOD2

Answer 65

paneth cells

Question 66

what do paneth cells produce

Answer 66

antibacterial peptides

Question 67

who has receptors for IL23

Answer 67

Th17