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block 15 anna > last lectures from nats notes half > Flashcards

last lectures from nats notes half Flashcards

1
Q

what do the adrenal glands secrete

A

steroids and catecholamines into the blood

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2
Q

peritoneal or retro adrenal glands

A

retroperitineal

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3
Q

what covers the anterior adrenal gland

A

parietal peritoneum

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4
Q

layers of the adrenal gland

A

capsule
cortex
medulla

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5
Q

how do veins and lymphatics leave the adrenal glands

A

hilum

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6
Q

how do arteries and nerves enter the adrenal glands

A

various different places

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7
Q

cortex of the AG comes from .. embyoonically

A

mesoderm

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8
Q

medulla of the AG comes from … embryonically

A

neural crest cells

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9
Q

what are catecholamines and adrogens made from

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

3 functional zones of the cortex of the AG

A

zona glomerulsa
zone fasciculate
zona reticularis

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11
Q

zona glomerulosa secretes

A

mineralocorticoids

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12
Q

example of a mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

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13
Q

zona fasciculate secretes

A

corticosteroid

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14
Q

example of a corticosteroid

A

cortisol

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15
Q

zona reticularis secretes

A

adrogens

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16
Q

example of an androgen

A

dehydroepiandrosterone

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17
Q

colour of medulla

A

brown

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18
Q

cells of the medulla

A

chromaffin

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19
Q

what do chromaffin cells secerete

A

catecholamines

enkephalins

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20
Q

enkephalins purpose

A

pain control

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21
Q

artery supply of the AG

A

Superior adrenal artery
Middle adrenal artery
inferior adrenal artery

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22
Q

superior adrenal artery comes from

A

inferior phrenic artery

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23
Q

middle adrenal artery comes from

A

abdominal aorta

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24
Q

inferior adrenal artery comes from

A

renal artery

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25
Q

right renal vein drains into

A

IVC

26
Q

left renal veins drains into

A

left renal vein

27
Q

adrenal gland innervation

A

coeliac plexus and abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

28
Q

sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla

A

myelinated pre-synaptic fibres, mainly from T10 to L1 spinal cord segments

29
Q

control of aldosterone release

A

renin
potassium increase
sodium decrease

30
Q

control of cortisol release

A

ACTH

31
Q

conrtol of sex steroids release

A

ACTH

32
Q

what does aldosterone result in

A

sodium and water reabsorption

potassium secretion into the urine

33
Q

cortisol is the active steroid, what is this converted to

A

cortisone

34
Q

how is cortisone reduced

A

by 11-Beta dehydrogenase

35
Q

why is cortisone produced

A

to prevent excess mineralocorticoid activity

36
Q

Effects of Glucocorticoids

A 
increase glucose production 
inhibit protein synthesis 
increase protein breakdown 
simulate lipolysis 
immunologic and inflammatory responses
37
Q

e.g. of glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

38
Q

hormone

A

substance which can regulate the action of cells

39
Q

Mineralocorticoid

A

corticosteroid which is involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body,

40
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

corticosteroids (e.g. hydrocortisone) which are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and have anti-inflammatory activity

41
Q

Catecholamines

A

aromatic amines which includes a number of neurotransmitters such as adrenaline and dopamine

42
Q

mineralocorticoid produced

A

zona granulosa

43
Q

glucocorticoid produced

A

zona Fasciculata

44
Q

cortisol in stress

A

immunosuppressant

45
Q

what is an androgen

A

hormones that influence the growth and development of the male

46
Q

most active adrogen

A

testosterone

47
Q

important enzyme for mineralo-/glucocorticoids and androgens

A

cholesterol desomolase

48
Q

what is transrepression

A

glucocorticoids enters nucleaus and competes with transcription factors to block transcription

49
Q

clinical use of glucocorticoids

A

replacement in addisons

anti inflammatory, asthma, arthritis skin, shock

50
Q

organ transplant give

A

prednisolone

51
Q

RA give

A

dexamethasone

52
Q

adverse affect of glucocorticoid therapy

A

adrenal gland atrophy

53
Q

inhaled glucocorticoids bad things

A

local immunosuppression can evoke opportunistic overgrowth of candida albicans (oral thrush)
local effects on the vocal cords which can result in dysphonia

54
Q

dysphonia

A

hoarseness

55
Q

oral glucocorticoids bad things

A

stunts growth

56
Q

cushings syndromes signs

A 
muscle wasting
osteoporosis
skin ulcers
obesity
hypertension
cardiac hypertophy
round face - red
stria
57
Q

how do you get hyderocortisone

A

cholesterol changed by ACTH

58
Q

how can you reduce hydrocortisone levels

A

Metyrapone

59
Q

mineralocoticoid

A

aldosterone

60
Q

how does aldosterone work

A

causes nucleus to produce more sodium channels

61
Q

what blocks mineralocorticol receptor

A

spironolactone

62
Q

what blocks the sodium channels on the basolateral membrane

A

amiloride

block 15 anna (15 decks)

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