last lectures from nats notes half

Question 1

what do the adrenal glands secrete

Answer 1

steroids and catecholamines into the blood

Question 2

peritoneal or retro adrenal glands

Answer 2

retroperitineal

Question 3

what covers the anterior adrenal gland

Answer 3

parietal peritoneum

Question 4

layers of the adrenal gland

Answer 4

capsule
cortex
medulla

Question 5

how do veins and lymphatics leave the adrenal glands

Answer 5

hilum

Question 6

how do arteries and nerves enter the adrenal glands

Answer 6

various different places

Question 7

cortex of the AG comes from .. embyoonically

Answer 7

mesoderm

Question 8

medulla of the AG comes from … embryonically

Answer 8

neural crest cells

Question 9

what are catecholamines and adrogens made from

Answer 9

cholesterol

Question 10

3 functional zones of the cortex of the AG

Answer 10

zona glomerulsa
zone fasciculate
zona reticularis

Question 11

zona glomerulosa secretes

Answer 11

mineralocorticoids

Question 12

example of a mineralocorticoid

Answer 12

aldosterone

Question 13

zona fasciculate secretes

Answer 13

corticosteroid

Question 14

example of a corticosteroid

Answer 14

cortisol

Question 15

zona reticularis secretes

Answer 15

adrogens

Question 16

example of an androgen

Answer 16

dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 17

colour of medulla

Answer 17

brown

Question 18

cells of the medulla

Answer 18

chromaffin

Question 19

what do chromaffin cells secerete

Answer 19

catecholamines

enkephalins

Question 20

enkephalins purpose

Answer 20

pain control

Question 21

artery supply of the AG

Answer 21

Superior adrenal artery
Middle adrenal artery
inferior adrenal artery

Question 22

superior adrenal artery comes from

Answer 22

inferior phrenic artery

Question 23

middle adrenal artery comes from

Answer 23

abdominal aorta

Question 24

inferior adrenal artery comes from

Answer 24

renal artery

Question 25

right renal vein drains into

Answer 25

IVC

Question 26

left renal veins drains into

Answer 26

left renal vein

Question 27

adrenal gland innervation

Answer 27

coeliac plexus and abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 28

sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla

Answer 28

myelinated pre-synaptic fibres, mainly from T10 to L1 spinal cord segments

Question 29

control of aldosterone release

Answer 29

renin potassium increase sodium decrease

Question 30

control of cortisol release

Answer 30

ACTH

Question 31

conrtol of sex steroids release

Answer 31

ACTH

Question 32

what does aldosterone result in

Answer 32

sodium and water reabsorption | potassium secretion into the urine

Question 33

cortisol is the active steroid, what is this converted to

Answer 33

cortisone

Question 34

how is cortisone reduced

Answer 34

by 11-Beta dehydrogenase

Question 35

why is cortisone produced

Answer 35

to prevent excess mineralocorticoid activity

Question 36

Effects of Glucocorticoids

Answer 36

``` increase glucose production inhibit protein synthesis increase protein breakdown simulate lipolysis immunologic and inflammatory responses ```

Question 37

e.g. of glucocorticoid

Answer 37

cortisol

Question 38

hormone

Answer 38

substance which can regulate the action of cells

Question 39

Mineralocorticoid

Answer 39

corticosteroid which is involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body,

Question 40

Glucocorticoid

Answer 40

corticosteroids (e.g. hydrocortisone) which are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and have anti-inflammatory activity

Question 41

Catecholamines

Answer 41

aromatic amines which includes a number of neurotransmitters such as adrenaline and dopamine

Question 42

mineralocorticoid produced

Answer 42

zona granulosa

Question 43

glucocorticoid produced

Answer 43

zona Fasciculata

Question 44

cortisol in stress

Answer 44

immunosuppressant

Question 45

what is an androgen

Answer 45

hormones that influence the growth and development of the male

Question 46

most active adrogen

Answer 46

testosterone

Question 47

important enzyme for mineralo-/glucocorticoids and androgens

Answer 47

cholesterol desomolase

Question 48

what is transrepression

Answer 48

glucocorticoids enters nucleaus and competes with transcription factors to block transcription

Question 49

clinical use of glucocorticoids

Answer 49

replacement in addisons | anti inflammatory, asthma, arthritis skin, shock

Question 50

organ transplant give

Answer 50

prednisolone

Question 51

RA give

Answer 51

dexamethasone

Question 52

adverse affect of glucocorticoid therapy

Answer 52

adrenal gland atrophy

Question 53

inhaled glucocorticoids bad things

Answer 53

local immunosuppression can evoke opportunistic overgrowth of candida albicans (oral thrush) local effects on the vocal cords which can result in dysphonia

Question 54

dysphonia

Answer 54

hoarseness

Question 55

oral glucocorticoids bad things

Answer 55

stunts growth

Question 56

cushings syndromes signs

Answer 56

``` muscle wasting osteoporosis skin ulcers obesity hypertension cardiac hypertophy round face - red stria ```

Question 57

how do you get hyderocortisone

Answer 57

cholesterol changed by ACTH

Question 58

how can you reduce hydrocortisone levels

Answer 58

Metyrapone

Question 59

mineralocoticoid

Answer 59

aldosterone

Question 60

how does aldosterone work

Answer 60

causes nucleus to produce more sodium channels

Question 61

what blocks mineralocorticol receptor

Answer 61

spironolactone

Question 62

what blocks the sodium channels on the basolateral membrane

Answer 62

amiloride